Prevalence and Incidence of Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency: Rare Disease
Adrenal insufficiency is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Adrenal insufficiency, or a subtype of Adrenal insufficiency,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Adrenal insufficiency Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Prevalence/Incidence of Adrenal insufficiency: Online Medical Books
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Adrenal hypofunction:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Adrenal hypofunction occurs when more than 90% of both adrenal glands are destroyed, an occurrence that typically results from an autoimmune process in which circulating antibodies react specifically against the adrenal tissue. Other causes include tuberculosis (once the chief cause; now responsible for less than 10% of adult cases), bilateral adrenalectomy, hemorrhage into the adrenal gland, neoplasms, and infections (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, histoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus). Rarely, a familial tendency to autoimmune disease predisposes the patient to adrenal hypofunction and other endocrinopathies.
Secondary adrenal hypofunction that results in glucocorticoid deficiency can stem from hypopituitarism (causing decreased corticotropin secretion), abrupt withdrawal of long-term corticosteroid therapy (long-term exogenous corticosteroid stimulation suppresses pituitary corticotropin secretion and results in adrenal gland atrophy), or removal of a nonendocrine, corticotropin-secreting tumor. Adrenal crisis follows when trauma, surgery, or other physiologic stress exhausts the body’s stores of glucocorticoids in a person with adrenal hypofunction.
Adrenal hypofunction affects 1 in 16,000 neonates congenitally. In adults, it affects 8 in 100,000 people, and males and females are affected equally. There’s no racial predilection.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Cushing Syndrome (Adrenal Excess):
Cushing Syndrome - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Cushing disease: Female > Male
- Adrenocortical carcinoma: Female > Male
- Cushing disease: Most common cause of endogenous Cushing syndrome, accounting for 80% of Cushing syndrome in adults and children >7 years of age
- Adrenal tumor: Adrenocortical carcinomas account for >50% of Cushing syndrome in children <7 years of age. These tumors are less common in adults and children >7 years of age.
Cushing Syndrome - incidence
- 0.1–0.5/1,000,000 new pediatric cases per year
- 10 times more common in adults
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency:
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Age:
- Addison disease is uncommon in children and usually presents between the ages of 20 and 50 years. In the pediatric population, it is most often seen in late childhood and adolescence.
- Adrenoleukodystrophy typically presents late in the 1st decade of life with neurologic symptoms. Signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency may present at any age.
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) unresponsiveness presents in late infancy or the toddler period.
- Adrenal hypoplasia congenita presents in infancy or early childhood.
- Adrenal insufficiency associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) presents in the newborn period.
- Sex:
- Addison disease is more common in girls.
- Adrenoleukodystrophy, an X-linked disorder, predominantly affects boys.
- ACTH unresponsiveness affects both sexes equally.
- Adrenal hypoplasia congenita, an X-linked disorder, predominantly affects boys.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Adrenal insufficiency usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Adrenal insufficiency at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Adrenal insufficiency refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Adrenal insufficiency diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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