Treatments for Anal Cancer
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Curable Types of Anal Cancer
Possibly curable types of Anal Cancer may include:
- Localised cancer of the anus without metastasis to the inguinal lymph nodes
- Anal cancer T1, T2, T3 grade
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Anal Cancer: Research Doctors & Specialists
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Latest treatments for Anal Cancer:
The following are some of the latest treatments for Anal Cancer:
Hospital statistics for Anal Cancer:
These medical statistics relate to hospitals, hospitalization and Anal Cancer:
- 0.02% (2,712) of hospital consultant episodes were for malignant neoplasm of anus and anal canal in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 93% of hospital consultant episodes for malignant neoplasm of anus and anal canal required hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 42% of hospital consultant episodes for malignant neoplasm of anus and anal canal were for men in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 58% of hospital consultant episodes for malignant neoplasm of anus and anal canal were for women in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
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Hospitals & Medical Clinics: Anal Cancer
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Book Excerpts: Treatment of Anal Cancer
Treatments of Anal Cancer: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
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Rectal Pain:
Treatment
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
-
Acute anal fissure: 90% heal within 3–4 weeks with conservative management (increased fiber and water intake, stool softeners, Sitz bath, topical corticosteroids)
-
Chronic anal fissure: Only 40% heal with conservative treatment; sphincterotomy (<5% risk of significant incontinence) is the treatment of choice
-
Perianal abscess: Requires incision and drainage followed by packing and Sitz baths until healed
-
Levator ani syndrome: Decrease anal canal pressure by digital massage (3–4/week), Sitz baths, muscle relaxants
-
Proctalgia fugax: Self-limited, infrequent brief attacks; primary treatment is reassurance; treat any underlying psychological disorders
-
Coccyodynia: Warm Sitz baths, analgesics, and corticosteroid injections; coccygectomy may be indicated in rare cases
-
Thrombosed hemorrhoid: Incision and drainage or surgical excision
>>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Colorectal cancer:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The most effective treatment of colorectal cancer is surgery to remove the malignant tumor and adjacent tissues and any lymph nodes that may contain cancer cells. The type of surgery depends on the location of the tumor:
❑Cecum and ascending colon — right hemicolectomy (for advanced disease) may include resection of the terminal segment of the ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and right half of the transverse colon with corresponding mesentery
❑ Proximal and middle transverse colon — right colectomy to include transverse colon and mesentery corresponding to midcolic vessels, or segmental resection of transverse colon and associated midcolic vessels
❑ Sigmoid colon — surgery is usually limited to sigmoid colon and mesentery
❑ Upper rectum — anterior or low anterior resection (newer method, using a stapler, allows for resections much lower than were previously possible)
❑ Lower rectum — abdominoperineal resection and permanent sigmoid colostomy.
Chemotherapy is indicated for patients with metastasis, residual disease, or a recurrent inoperable tumor. Drugs used in such treatment commonly include fluorouracil with leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin.
Radiation therapy induces tumor regression and may be used before or after surgery or combined with chemotherapy, especially fluorouracil.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Malignant spinal neoplasms:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment of spinal cord tumors generally includes decompression or radiation. Laminectomy is indicated for primary tumors that produce spinal cord or cauda equina compression; it isn't usually indicated for metastatic tumors. If the tumor is slowly progressive or if it's treated before the cord degenerates from compression, symptoms are likely to disappear, and complete restoration of function is possible. In a patient with metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma who suddenly experiences complete transverse myelitis with spinal shock, functional improvement is unlikely, even with treatment, and his outlook is ominous. If the patient has incomplete paraplegia of rapid onset, emergency surgical decompression may save cord function. Steroid therapy with dexamethasone minimizes cord edema and temporarily relieves symptoms until surgery can be performed. Partial removal of intramedullary gliomas, followed by radiation, may alleviate symptoms for a short time. Metastatic extradural tumors can be controlled with radiation, analgesics and, in the case of hormone-mediated tumors (breast and prostate), appropriate hormone therapy. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may control radicular pain from spinal cord tumors and is a useful alternative to opioid analgesics. In TENS, an electrical charge is applied to the skin to stimulate large-diameter nerve fibers and thereby inhibit transmission of pain impulses through small-diameter nerve fibers. Chemotherapy generally hasn't proven effective against most spinal tumors, but may be recommended in some cases.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rectal pain:
Patient counseling
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Teach the patient how to apply hot, moist compresses. Teach him how to give himself a sitz bath; this will ease his discomfort by helping to relieve the sphincter spasm associated with most anorectal disorders. Stress the importance of following a proper diet and drinking plenty of fluids to maintain soft stools and thus avoid aggravating pain during defecation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Hematochezia [Rectal bleeding]:
Emergency interventions
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
If the patient has severe hematochezia, check his vital signs. If you detect signs of shock, such as hypotension and tachycardia, place the patient in a supine position and elevate his feet 20 to 30 degrees. Prepare to administer oxygen, and start a large-bore I.V. line for emergency fluid replacement. Next, obtain a blood sample for typing and crossmatching, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit. Insert a nasogastric tube. Iced lavage may be indicated to control bleeding. Endoscopy may be necessary to detect the source of the bleeding.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Colorectal cancer:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
The most effective treatment for colorectal cancer is surgery to remove the malignant tumor and adjacent tissues as well as any lymph nodes that may contain cancer cells. The type of surgery depends on the location of the tumor:
❑ Cecum and ascending colon: A right hemicolectomy (for advanced disease) is performed. It may include resection of the terminal segment of the ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and the right half of the transverse colon with corresponding mesentery.
❑ Proximal and middle transverse colon: A right colectomy is performed that includes the transverse colon and mesentery corresponding to midcolic vessels or segmental resection of the transverse colon and associated midcolic vessels.
❑ Sigmoid colon: Surgery is typically limited to the sigmoid colon and mesentery.
❑ Upper rectum: Anterior or low anterior resection is performed. A newer method, using a stapler, allows for resections much lower than were previously possible.
❑ Lower rectum: Abdominoperineal resection and permanent sigmoid colostomy is performed.
Chemotherapy is indicated for patients with metastasis, residual disease, or a recurrent inoperable tumor. Drugs used in such treatment commonly include fluorouracil with levamisole, leucovorin, methotrexate, or streptozocin. Patients whose tumor has extended to regional lymph nodes may receive fluorouracil and levamisole for 1 year postoperatively.
Radiation therapy induces tumor regression and may be used before or after surgery or combined with chemotherapy, especially fluorouracil.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Rectal pain:
Patient counseling
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Teach the patient how to apply hot, moist compresses. Also teach him how to give himself a sitz bath; this will ease his discomfort by helping to relieve the sphincter spasm associated with most anorectal disorders. Stress the importance of following a proper diet and drinking plenty of fluids to maintain soft stools and thus avoid aggravating pain during defecation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Rectal pain:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Apply analgesic ointment or suppositories.
▪ Administer a stool softener if needed.
▪ If the rectal pain results from prolapsed hemorrhoids, apply cold compresses to help shrink protruding hemorrhoids, prevent thrombosis, and reduce pain.
▪ If the patient's condition permits, place him in Trendelenburg's position with his buttocks elevated to further relieve pain.
▪ Prepare the patient for an anoscopic examination and proctosigmoidoscopy to determine the cause of the rectal pain, if indicated.
▪ Because the patient may feel embarrassed, provide emotional support and as much privacy as possible.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain the disorder and treatment plan.
▪ Instruct the patient on measures to ease discomfort.
▪ Discuss proper diet and fluid intake.
▪ Explain the use of stool softeners.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Hematochezia [Rectal bleeding]:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Place the patient on bed rest.
▪ Check vital signs frequently, watching for signs of shock, such as hypotension, tachycardia, a weak pulse, and tachypnea.
▪ Monitor the patient's intake and output hourly.
▪ Monitor hemoglobin level and hematocrit.
▪ Administer blood products as ordered.
▪ Provide emotional support because hematochezia may frighten the patient.
▪ Prepare the patient for blood tests and GI procedures, such as endoscopy and GI X-rays.
▪ Visually examine the patient's stools and test them for occult blood.
▪ If necessary, send a stool specimen to the laboratory to check for parasites.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain signs and symptoms that require immediate medical attention.
▪ Teach the patient about ostomy self-care, as appropriate.
▪ Discuss proper bowel elimination habits.
▪ Explain dietary recommendations and restrictions.
▪ Teach the patient about prescribed medications.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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