Prevalence and Incidence of Birth Injury
Birth Injury Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Incidence (annual) of Birth Injury:
7 per 1,000 births1. ... see also overview of Birth Injury.
Incidence Rate:
approx 1 in 9,714 or 0.01% or 28,000 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "7 per 1,000 births1." -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence extrapolations for USA for Birth Injury:
28,000 per year,
2,333 per month,
538 per week,
76 per day,
3 per hour,
0 per minute,
0 per second.
[Source statistic for calculation: "7 per 1,000 births1." -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence statistics for Birth Injury:
The following statistics relate to the incidence of Birth Injury:
- 6.68 birth trauma injuries occurred per 1,000 live births in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
- 6.83 birth trauma injuries occurred per 1,000 live male births in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
- 5.06 birth trauma injuries occurred per 1,000 live female births in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
- 7.15 birth trauma injuries occurred per 1,000 live births in private, not-for-profit hospitals in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
- 4.33 birth trauma injuries occurred per 1,000 live births in private, for-profit hospitals in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
- 6.11 birth trauma injuries occurred per 1,000 live births in public hospitals in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
- more statistics...»
Prevalence/Incidence of Birth Injury: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Birth Injury.
Cesarean birth:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The most common reasons for cesarean birth are malpresentation (such as shoulder or face presentation), fetal intolerance of labor distress, cephalopelvic disproportion ([CPD] the pelvis is too small to accommodate the fetal head), certain cases of toxemia, previous cesarean birth, and inadequate progress in labor (failure of induction).
Conditions causing fetal distress that indicate a need for cesarean birth include prolapsed cord with a live fetus, fetal hypoxia, abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, unfavorable intrauterine environment (from infection), and moderate to severe Rh isoimmunization. Less common maternal conditions that may necessitate cesarean birth include complete placenta previa, abruptio placentae, placenta accreta, malignant tumors, and chronic diseases in which delivery is indicated before term.
Cesarean birth may also be necessary if induction is contraindicated or difficult or if advanced labor increases the risk of morbidity and mortality.
In the case of a previous cesarean delivery, some physicians allow a subsequent vaginal delivery if the cesarean wasn’t classic or if the original reason for the cesarean no longer exists. However, vaginal delivery risks uterine rupture if the uterus is scarred.
The rising incidence of cesarean birth coincides with recent medical and technologic advances in fetal and placental surveillance and care. In the United States, 9% to 16% of all pregnancies terminate in cesarean births, rising to 17% to 25% in perinatal centers that handle high-risk deliveries.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Premature labor:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The possible causes of premature labor are many; they may include premature rupture of the membranes (occurs in 30% to 50% of premature labors), preeclampsia, chronic hypertensive vascular disease, hydramnios, multiple pregnancy, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, incompetent cervix, abdominal surgery, trauma, structural anomalies of the uterus, infections (such as rubella or toxoplasmosis), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and fetal death.
Other important provocative factors include:
❑ Fetal stimulation: Genetically imprinted information tells the fetus that nutrition is inadequate and that a change in environment is required for well-being; this provokes onset of labor.
❑ Oxytocin sensitivity: Labor begins because the myometrium becomes hypersensitive to oxytocin, the hormone that normally induces uterine contractions.
❑ Myometrial oxygen deficiency: The fetus becomes increasingly proficient in obtaining oxygen, depriving the myometrium of the oxygen and energy it needs to function normally, thus making the myometrium irritable.
❑ Maternal genetics: A genetic defect in the mother shortens gestation and precipitates premature labor.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rape trauma syndrome:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Rape isn’t primarily about sex. It’s a violent crime linked to feelings of rage or hatred in the assailant. Some of the cultural, sociological, and psychological factors that contribute to rape are increased exposure to sex, permissiveness, cynicism about relationships, feelings of anger, and powerlessness amid social pressures. Many rapists have feelings of violence or hatred toward women or sexual problems, such as impotence or premature ejaculation. They may feel socially isolated and be unable to form warm, loving relationships. Some rapists may be psychopaths who need violence for physical pleasure, no matter how it affects their victims; others rape to satisfy a need for power. Some were abused as children.
In the United States, a rape is reported every 6 to 7 minutes. The incidence of reported rape is highest in large cities and continues to rise. However, many rapes — possibly even most — are never reported.
Known victims of rape range in age from 2 months to 97 years. The age group most affected is 10- to 19-year-olds; the average victim’s age is 13½". About one in seven reported rapes involves a prepubertal child; most of these cases involve manual, oral, or genital contact with the child’s genitals by a member of the child’s family. More than 50% of rapes occur in the home; about one-third of these involve a male intruder who forces his way into a home. In about half the cases, the victim has some casual acquaintance with the attacker. Most rapists are between ages 25 and 44 and have planned the attack. Alcohol is involved in one-third of cases.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Birth Injury usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Birth Injury at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Birth Injury refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Birth Injury diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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