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Is there redness of the eye? Redness of the eye suggests definite eye pathology. Without redness, one should suspect disease in the adjacent structures or retrobulbar neuritis.
If there is redness, is there periorbital ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it intermittent? Intermittent hemianopsia, whether it is bitemporal or homonymous in type, would suggest migraine, carotid artery insufficiency, or vertebral basilar artery insufficiency.
Is the hemianopsia of ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the onset acute or gradual? An acute onset would suggest optic neuritis, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, extradural hematoma, brain abscess, dural sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? If the scotomas are transient, then migraine, transient ischemic attacks, and retrobulbar neuritis should be suspected.
Are there abnormalities on the eye examination other than the ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? Transient blindness may occur in transient ischemic attacks, epilepsy, migraine, and hypertension.
Is it a sudden onset? The sudden onset of blindness may occur in optic neuritis, retinal vein thrombosis, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there abnormalities on neurologic examination? An abnormal neurologic examination should make one think of multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, muscular dystrophy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, and a host of ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Papilledema is defined as swelling or edema of the optic discs; it is usually bilateral and is due to increased intracranial pressure. Clinically, the disk appears elevated and the margins appear indistinct or blurred with obscuring of some small and medium vessels. Patients may present... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Vision loss may be unilateral or bilateral; transient or persistent; of sudden or gradual onset; and painless or painful. Vision loss in one eye may be followed quickly by ensuing vision loss of the other eye, rendering the patient completely blind (e.g., untreated giant cell arteritis). In... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Sudden decrease of vision is usually an ominous sign. Most often the cause of permanent loss is at the retinal or optic nerve level. For the optic nerve to be associated there must be inflammation. For the retina to be the cause, there must be hemorrhaging or edema. Neurologic... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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True optic disc swelling or edema can be a very ominous sign. Papilledema is defined as disc swelling produced by increased ICP; it may be asymmetric, UL, or BL. Acutely, the vision, color vision, and pupillary responses are normal, but the blind spot is increased on visual field... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma and all the refractive
... READ EXCERPTS »
... No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor cerebri. The polycythemia and right heart failure of
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The causes of blurred vision and blindness can best be recalled with the use of anatomy. If the path of light is followed through the eye to the nervous system, the various components of the eye and nervous system that may be involved may be considered in terms of the common
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... The anatomic location of the lesion in a gait disturbance depends on the type of disturbance.
GAIT DISTURBANCES
Spastic gait. In this type of lesion, both feet shuffle along
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Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is a loss of vision in one-half of the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in each eye (incomplete homonymous... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically, the patient can pinpoint... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Vision loss — the inability to perceive visual stimuli — can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, a neurologic, or a... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Hemianopsia is loss of vision in one-half the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in each eye ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Vision loss—the inability to perceive visual stimuli—can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, a neurologic, or a systemic... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Often difficult to identify, night blindness refers to impaired vision in the dark, especially after entering a darkened room or while driving at night. A symptom of choroidal and retinal degeneration, night blindness occurs in various ocular disorders and as an... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative disorder.
... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Richard C. Mauer
Papilledema is optic disc swelling produced by increased intracranial pressure. The diagnostic assessment of papilledema is critical in that the underlying cause can range from a subarachnoid hemorrhage to a totally benign optic disc head... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Michael J. Puk
Scotoma is defined as a blind or partially blind area in the visual field. A basic understanding of neuroanatomy helps to localize the visual field defect. Simply put, pathology anterior to the optic chiasm... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testin ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Conjunctivitis
❑ Corneal abrasion
❑ Foreign body
❑ Sinusitis
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Acute Loss/Scotoma
❑ Ophthalmic migraine
❑ Amaurosis fugax
❑ Retinal detachment
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, itching, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative disorder. ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... The inability to perceive visual stimuli, vision loss can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, neurologic, or systemic disorder or from trauma or the... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Eye pain, or ophthalmalgia, may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Hemianopsia is loss of vision in one-half the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than half the field of vision in each eye (incomplete... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Vision loss — the inability to perceive visual stimuli — can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, a neurologic, or a systemic disorder or from trauma or the use... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Usually difficult to identify, night blindness (or nyctalopia) refers to impaired vision in the dark, especially after entering a darkened room or while driving at night. A symptom of choroidal and retinal degeneration, night blindness occurs in various ocular disorders and as an early... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...An important role of the primary care physiciancaring for children is to screen for visual problems, so that lossof vision can be prevented or treated when possible. The precisediagnosis is usually made by an ophthalmologist. This chapter discussesthe more common vision defects. ... Principal Causes of Vision Disturbances ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 74.1. Common Causes of Cataracts in Infants and Children ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Hemianopsia is a loss of vision in one-half of the normal visual field (usually the right or left half) of one or both eyes. However, if the visual field defects are identical in both eyes but affect less than one-half of the field of vision in each eye (incomplete... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically, the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Vision loss—the inability to perceive visual stimuli—can be sudden or gradual and temporary or permanent. The deficit can range from a slight impairment of vision to total blindness. It can result from an ocular, neurologic, or systemic... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the
eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities
for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma and all the
refractive disorders (e... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases
of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable
extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor
cerebri. The polycythemia and... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The causes of blurred vision and blindness can best be recalled with
the use of anatomy. If the path of light is followed through the eye
to the nervous system, the various components of the eye and nervous system
that may be involved may be... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The anatomic location of the lesion in a gait disturbance depends on
the type of disturbance.
Spastic gait. In this type of lesion, both feet shuffle along the
floor in short steps and the legs ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
Have you ever thought about your favorite dessert and started to salivate? You may not have known it, but you were practicing visualization. This...
"I authorize the release of any medical or other information necessary to process this claim." Do you recognize these words? You should, if...
Whenever you go to a hospital or clinic for a major procedure or diagnostic test, one of the many forms you are given to sign is an "informed...
Sexual contact can sometimes result in problems. An unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases may be some of those consequences. But by...