Treatments for Blood conditions
Blood conditions: Research Doctors & Specialists
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Hospital statistics for Blood conditions:
These medical statistics relate to hospitals, hospitalization and Blood conditions:
- 15,240 admissions to private hospitals for procedures on blood and blood-forming organs in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 201,355 patient days spent in public hospitals for procedures on blood and blood-forming organs in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 25,076 admissions to public hospitals for procedures on blood and blood-forming organs in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 31.6% of hospitalisations for procedures on blood and blood-forming organ were single day in private hospitals in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 36.0% of hospitalisations for procedures on blood and blood-forming organs were single day in public hospitals in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- more hospital information...»
Medical news summaries about treatments for Blood conditions:
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Book Excerpts: Treatment of Blood conditions
Treatments of Blood conditions: Online Medical Books
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Diarrhea – Chronic, No Blood or Weight Loss:
Treatment
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
-
Treatment is directed at cause
-
Chronic nonspecific diarrhea
–Restriction of fluid intake to <90 mL/kg/day
–Reduction of fruit juices (<8 ounces/day)
–Elimination of sorbitol-containing juices
-
Carbohydrate malabsorption
–Trial elimination or reduction of offending sugar
–Lactase (Lactaid) for lactose intolerance
–Sucrase (Sucraid) for sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
-
Small intestine bacterial overgrowth
–Antibiotic therapy with metronidazole alone or in combination with ampicillin or Bactrim
–Surgery for partial small bowel obstruction
-
Low-fat diet: Increase fat intake to approximately 40% of total daily calorie intake
-
Irritable bowel syndrome
–Anticholinergic therapy or antidepressants
-
Acrodermatitis enteropathica: Zinc supplements
>>>>> >>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Blood pressure decrease [Hypotension]:
Emergency interventions
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
If the patient's systolic pressure is less than 80 mm Hg, or 30 mm Hg below his baseline, suspect shock. Quickly evaluate the patient for a decreased LOC. Check his apical pulse for tachycardia and his respirations for tachypnea. Also, inspect the patient for cool, clammy skin. Elevate the patient's legs above the level of his heart, or place him in Trendelenburg's position if the bed can be adjusted. Then start an I.V. line using a large-bore needle to replace fluids and blood or to administer drugs. Prepare to administer oxygen with mechanical ventilation, if necessary. Monitor the patient's intake and output and insert an indwelling urinary catheter to accurately measure urine output. The patient may also need a central venous line or a pulmonary artery catheter to facilitate monitoring his fluid status. Prepare for cardiac monitoring to evaluate cardiac rhythm. Be ready to insert a nasogastric tube to prevent aspiration in the comatose patient. Throughout emergency interventions, keep the patient's spinal column immobile until spinal cord trauma is ruled out.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Acute leukemia:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Systemic chemotherapy aims to eradicate leukemic cells and induce remission (less than 5% of blast cells in the marrow and peripheral blood are normal). Chemo-therapy varies:
❑Meningeal leukemia — intrathecal instillation of methotrexate or cytarabine with cranial radiation.
❑ALL — vincristine, prednisone, high-dose cytarabine, l-asparaginase, AMSA, and daunorubicin. Because there's a 40% risk of meningeal leukemia in ALL, intrathecal methotrexate or cytarabine is given. Radiation therapy is given for testicular infiltration.
❑AML — a combination of I.V. daunorubicin and cytarabine or, if these fail to induce remission, a combination of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, or methotrexate; high-dose cytarabine alone or with other drugs; amsacrine; etoposide; and 5-azacytidine and mitoxantrone. A subtype of AML called acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is treated with all-transretinoic acid (ATRA), which causes leukemic cells to mature into normal WBCs. ATRA has increased the cure rate of this type of AML. Arsenic trioxide has been approved for patients with APL who have failed ATRA as the usual chemotherapy.
❑Acute monoblastic leukemia — cytarabine and thioguanine with daunorubicin or doxorubicin.
Bone marrow transplant or a stem-cell transplant may be possible. Treatment also may include antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral drugs and granulocyte injections to control infection and transfusions of platelets to prevent bleeding and of red blood cells to prevent anemia.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Blood transfusion reaction:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
At the first sign of a hemolytic reaction, stop the transfusion immediately. Depending on the nature of the patient’s reaction, prepare to:
❑ monitor vital signs every 15 to 30 minutes, watching for signs of shock
❑ maintain a patent I.V. line with normal saline solution; insert an indwelling catheter and monitor intake and output
❑ cover the patient with blankets to ease chills, and explain what’s happening
❑ deliver supplemental oxygen at low flow rates through a nasal cannula or bag-valve-mask (handheld resuscitation bag)
❑ give drugs as ordered: an I.V. antihypotensive drug and normal saline solution to combat shock, epinephrine to treat dyspnea and wheezing, diphenhydramine to combat cellular histamine released from mast cells, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and mannitol or furosemide to maintain urinary function. Administer parenteral antihistamines and corticosteroids for allergic reactions. (Severe reactions such as anaphylaxis may require epinephrine.) Administer antipyretics for nonhemolytic febrile reactions and appropriate I.V. antibiotics for bacterial contamination.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Systemic chemotherapy includes alkylating agents — usually chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, or fludarabine (singly or in combination) — and steroids (prednisone) when autoimmune hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia occurs.
An advance in the treatment of CLL has been the emergence of the humanized monoclonal antibodies rituximab and alemtuzumab. Alemtuzumab acts as an antibody against the surface of CLL cells and is used when fludarabine fails. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, acts similiarly to alemtuzumab; studies are ongoing.
When chronic lymphocytic leukemia causes obstruction or organ impairment or enlargement, local radiation treatment can be used to reduce organ size. Allopurinol can be given to prevent hyperuricemia, a relatively uncommon finding.
Prognosis is poor if anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, bulky lymphadenopathy, and severe lymphocytosis are present.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Blood pressure increase [Hypertension]:
Patient counseling
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Encourage the patient to lose weight, if necessary, and to restrict sodium intake. Suggest that he participate in an exercise or stress management program as well. Then teach the patient how to monitor his blood pressure so that he can evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy and lifestyle changes. Have him record blood pressure readings and symptoms, and ask him to share this information on his return visits.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Blood pressure decrease [Hypotension]:
Emergency interventions
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
If the patient’s systolic pressure is less than 80 mm Hg, or 30 mm Hg below his baseline, suspect shock immediately. Quickly evaluate the patient for a decreased LOC. Check his apical pulse for tachycardia and respirations for tachypnea. Also, inspect the patient for cool, clammy skin. Elevate his legs above the level of his heart, or place him in Trendelenburg’s position if the bed can be adjusted. Then start an I.V. line using a large-bore needle to replace fluids and blood or to administer drugs. Prepare to administer oxygen with mechanical ventilation if necessary. Monitor the patient’s intake and output, and insert an indwelling urinary catheter for the accurate measurement of urine. The patient may also need a central venous line or a pulmonary artery catheter to facilitate monitoring of fluid status. Prepare for cardiac monitoring to evaluate cardiac rhythm. Be ready to insert a nasogastric tube to prevent aspiration in the comatose patient. Throughout emergency interventions, keep the patient’s spinal column immobile until spinal cord trauma is ruled out.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Leukemia, acute:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
Systemic chemotherapy aims to eradicate leukemic cells and induce remission. Chemotherapy varies according to the type of leukemia:
❑ meningeal leukemia — intrathecal instillation of methotrexate or cytarabine with cranial radiation is used.
❑ ALL — vincristine, prednisone, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, and cyclophosphamide are used. Intrathecal therapy may be required. Radiation therapy is given for testicular infiltration.
❑ AML — a combination of I.V. chemotherapeutic drugs is used. In acute promyelocytic leukemia, a type of AML, all-trans retinoic acid is used to cause leukemia cells to mature into normal WBCs. It’s used in remission and increases the cure rate of AML. If this drug fails, arsenic trioxide may help.
❑ acute monoblastic leukemia — cytarabine and thioguanine with daunorubicin or doxorubicin is used.
A bone marrow or stem cell transplant may be possible. Treatment also may include antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral drugs and granulocyte injections to control infection. Platelet transfusions (to prevent bleeding) and red blood cell transfusions (to prevent anemia) may also be given.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Leukemia, chronic lymphocytic:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
Systemic chemotherapy includes an alkylating drug, usually chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide, and sometimes a steroid (prednisone) when autoimmune hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia occurs.
When chronic lymphocytic leukemia causes obstruction or organ impairment or enlargement, local radiation treatment can be used to reduce organ size. Allopurinol can be given to prevent hyperuricemia, a relatively uncommon finding.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Leukemia, chronic granulocytic:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
Aggressive chemotherapy has so far failed to produce remission in patients with CGL. Consequently, the goal of treatment in the chronic phase is to control leukocytosis and thrombocytosis. The most commonly used oral drugs are busulfan and hydroxyurea. Aspirin is commonly given to prevent stroke if the patient’s platelet count exceeds 1 million/µl.
Ancillary CGL treatments include:
❑ local splenic radiation or splenectomy to increase platelet count and decrease adverse effects related to splenomegaly
❑ leukapheresis (selective leukocyte removal) to reduce leukocyte count
❑ allopurinol to prevent secondary hyperuricemia or colchicine to relieve gout due to elevated serum uric acid levels
❑ prompt treatment of infections that may result from chemotherapyinduced bone marrow suppression.
During the acute phase of CGL, lymphoblastic or myeloblastic leukemia may develop. Treatment is similar to that for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Remission, if achieved, is commonly short lived. Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may help in certain phases of CGL. Despite vigorous treatment, CGL usually progresses after the onset of the acute phase.
For more information on treatment during the acute phase, see “Leukemia, acute,” page 484.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Blood pressure decrease:
Nursing considerations
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
Check the patient’s vital signs frequently to determine if low blood pressure is constant or intermittent. If blood pressure is extremely low, an arterial catheter may be inserted to allow close monitoring of pressures. Alternatively, a Doppler flowmeter may be used.
Place the patient on bed rest. Keep the side rails of the bed up. If the patient is ambulatory, assist him as necessary. To avoid falls, don’t leave a dizzy patient unattended when he’s sitting or walking.
Prepare the patient for laboratory tests, which may include bedside glucose check, urinalysis, routine blood studies, an electrocardiogram, and chest, cervical, and abdominal X-rays.
Patient teaching
If the patient has orthostatic hypotension, instruct him to stand up slowly. Advise the patient with vasovagal syncope to avoid situations that trigger the episodes. Evaluate the patient’s need for a cane or walker. Explain all procedures and tests.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Blood pressure increase:
Nursing considerations
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
Prepare the patient for routine blood tests and urinalysis. Depending on the suspected cause of the increased blood pressure, radiographic studies, especially of the kidneys, may be necessary, as well as cardiac monitoring.
Obtain the patient’s vital signs frequently. Monitor the effects of treatment. Perform neurologic and respiratory assessments frequently.
Patient teaching
If the patient has essential hypertension, explain the importance of long-term control of elevated blood pressure and the purpose, dosage, schedule, route, and adverse effects of prescribed antihypertensives. Encourage him to report adverse reactions; the drug dosage or schedule may simply need adjustment. Then teach the patient and his family how to monitor his blood pressure so that he can evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy and lifestyle changes. Have him record blood pressure readings and symptoms, and ask him to share this information on his return visits.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Blood pressure decrease:
Emergency Actions
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
If the patient’s systolic pressure is less than 80 mm Hg, or 30 mm Hg below his baseline, suspect shock immediately. Quickly evaluate the patient for a decreased LOC. Check his apical pulse for tachycardia and respirations for tachypnea. Also, inspect the patient for cool, clammy skin. Elevate the patient’s legs above the level of his heart, or place him in Trendelenburg’s position if the bed can be adjusted. Then start an I.V. line using a large-bore needle to replace fluids and blood or to administer drugs. Prepare to administer oxygen with mechanical ventilation, if necessary. Monitor the patient’s intake and output and insert an indwelling urinary catheter for the accurate measurement of urine. The patient may also need a central venous line or a pulmonary artery catheter to facilitate monitoring of fluid status. Prepare for cardiac monitoring to evaluate heart rhythm. Be ready to insert a nasogastric tube to prevent aspiration in the comatose patient. Throughout emergency interventions, keep the patient’s spinal column immobile until spinal cord trauma is ruled out.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Blood pressure increase:
Emergency Actions
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Elevated blood pressure can signal various life-threatening disorders. However, if pressure exceeds 180/110 mm Hg, the patient may be experiencing hypertensive crisis and may require prompt treatment. Maintain a patent airway in case the patient vomits, and institute seizure precautions. Prepare to administer an I.V. antihypertensive and diuretic. You’ll also need to insert an indwelling urinary catheter to accurately monitor urine output.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Blood pressure, decreased [Hypotension]:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Check the patient's vital signs frequently to determine if low blood pressure is constant or intermittent.
▪ If blood pressure is extremely low, assist in the insertion of an arterial catheter to allow close monitoring of pressures; alternatively, a Doppler flowmeter may be used.
▪ Prepare the patient for laboratory tests, which may include urinalysis, routine blood studies, an electrocardiogram, and chest, cervical, and abdominal X-rays or computed tomography scans.
▪ Administer fluid, blood products, and medication as ordered to improve blood pressure.
Patient teaching
▪ Advise the patient with orthostatic hypotension to stand up slowly from a sitting or lying position.
▪ For the patient with vasovagal syncope, discuss how to avoid triggers.
▪ Emphasize the importance of dangling the feet and rising slowly when getting out of bed.
▪ Explain diagnostic tests and procedures.
▪ Explain the underlying disorder and treatment plan.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Blood pressure, increased [Hypertension]:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ If routine screening detects elevated blood pressure, prepare the patient for routine blood tests, urinalysis, and depending on the suspected cause of the increased blood pressure, radiographic studies, especially of the kidneys.
▪ Administer antihypertensives, as ordered, and evaluate their effect.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain the importance of regular blood pressure monitoring and keeping follow-up appointments.
▪ Explain how to take prescribed antihypertensives correctly and adverse effects that should be reported.
▪ Instruct the patient not to discontinue medications without contacting the practitioner.
▪ Emphasize the importance of weight loss and regular exercise.
▪ Explain the need for sodium restriction.
▪ Discuss stress management.
▪ Discuss ways of reducing other risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as smoking cessation and lowering elevated cholesterol levels.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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