Diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Diagnostic Test list for Bronchopulmonary dysplasia:
The list of medical tests
mentioned in various sources as
used in the diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
includes:
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Diagnosis: Book Excerpts
Diagnostic Tests for Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about diagnostis of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
WHEEZING:
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
The CBC, sedimentation rate, chest x-ray, EKG, sputum analysis and culture, and pulmonary function testing will usually assist with the clinical diagnosis. Bronchoscopy may be needed also, especially when there is hemoptysis
.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs, 2003
Stridor & Wheezing:
Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
Stridor (inspiratory)
- Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
–Viral infection with tracheal narrowing due
to airway edema
–“Bark-like” cough, hoarseness
- Epiglottitis
–Airway emergency most commonly due to Haemophilus influenzae or group A streptococcus infection
–Abrupt onset of high fevers, sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia, respiratory distress
-
Foreign body lodged in the upper airway
-
Allergic reaction/anaphylaxis
–May have urticaria and angioedema (subcutaneous or mucosal swelling, often of the lips)
-
Trauma
-
Postendotracheal intubation
-
Psychogenic (e.g., paroxysmal vocal cord dyskinesia)
Stridor (expiratory)
-
COPD (expiratory vocalization to prolong time to airway closure and avoid air trapping)
-
Cardiac failure (expiratory vocalization to prolong increased intrathoracic pressure and unload left ventricle)
Wheezing
-
Asthma
–Triad of chronic cough, dyspnea, wheezing
–Wheezing may be absent in cases of severe
obstruction (insufficient air movement)
-
Pulmonary edema
–Leakage of fluid into the interstitium and alveoli due to elevated capillary pressure (cardiogenic) or abnormal capillary permeability (noncardiogenic)
COPD
GERD
Respiratory infection
–Upper respiratory infection
–Bronchiolitis
–“Atypical” pneumonia
-
Aspirated foreign body
–Abrupt onset of unilateral wheezing or stridor (if lodged in the upper airway), cough, and decreased breath sounds
Allergic reaction/anaphylaxis
–Urticaria, throat swelling (angioedema), and lip/tongue edema may be present
Workup and Diagnosis
-
History and physical examination
-
Initial labs may include CBC with differential, pulse oximetry, electrolytes, BUN/creatinine, calcium, and glucose
-
Consider blood and/or sputum cultures if infectious cause is suspected
-
Chest X-ray helps to differentiate respiratory infection from pulmonary edema, diagnose radiopaque foreign bodies, and shows “steeple sign” in cases of croup
-
Lateral neck X-ray may reveal swelling of the epiglottis in cases of epiglottitis or abscess
-
Chest CT with contrast provides excellent views of the lung parenchyma and helps to identify tumors and bronchiectasis
-
Bronchoscopy may be diagnostic and therapeutic in cases of obstruction due to foreign body
-
Lung biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage can be performed in cases of suspected malignancy
-
Echocardiogram may be indicated to evaluate for structural heart disease, valve disease, and left ventricular function
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Wheezing:
Differential Diagnosis
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
Lower airway (expiratory, polyphonic)
- Extraluminal compression of airways
–Parenchymal: Pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
bronchogenic cyst
–Vascular: Ring, sling, “cardiac wheeze”
–Lymphatics: Enlarged lymph nodes (TB,
sarcoidosis, malignancy)
–Structural: CLE, scoliosis, or chest wall deformity with airway “kinking” - Transluminal change in airway
–Asthma: Inflammation, edema, hyperemia, mucus gland hypertrophy and proliferation, smooth muscle bronchospasm
–Bronchiectasis/bronchitis
–Cystic fibrosis
–Ciliary disease: Primary ciliary dyskinesia,
dysfunction due to ETS or hyperoxia
–Anatomic: Hemangioma, polyps, TEF, bronchial atresia, BALT, bronchiolitis obliterans, tracheobronchomalacia
–Immunologic disorders (e.g., IgA deficiency)
- Intraluminal change in airway
–Mucus (increased production or decreased
clearance), pus (infected sputum), blood
–Foreign body
–Aspirated food or stomach contents
secondary to gastroesophageal reflux
Upper airway (usually inspiratory and monophonic)
-
Nasal (congestion, choanal atresia, FB)
-
Oropharyngeal (tonsils, adenoids, macroglossia, foreign body, decreased tone, retropharyngeal abscess)
-
Laryngeal (laryngomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction or paralysis, laryngeal web or polyp, subglottic stenosis)
Central nervous system
-
Structural disease (e.g., Arnold-Chiari malformation leading to vocal cord paralysis)
-
Functional (e.g., vocal cord dysfunction, chronic aspiration)
Workup and Diagnosis
- History
–Triggers: Viral disease, irritants, and allergic disease
–Improvement with β
-agonists or steroids suggests asthma
–Worsening with ETS suggests asthma or bronchitis; with exercise, EIA or VCD; with β-agonists, bronchomalacia
–Delayed onset with exercise suggests EIA; rapid onset with exercise suggests VCD (teens) or bronchomalacia (babies)
–Age of onset: First month, structural problems (e.g., bronchomalacia); first year, RSV bronchiolitis, GER, or aspiration; early childhood, asthma, possible FB aspiration; adolescence, asthma and VCD
–Other symptoms: Hemoptysis, chronic cough, weight loss (CF, TB, bronchiectasis, malignancy, recurrent infection, or immunodeficiency); weakness, hypotonia (neuromotor disease, Down syndrome, aspiration); choking on feeds (upper airway disease, TEF, chronic aspiration)
-
Exam findings
–High pitch indicates smaller airways; low pitch, larger airway(s); inspiratory, extrathoracic airway; expiratory, intrathoracic airways; biphasic, fixed obstruction or two sites; expiratory prolongation, small airways or severe larger airways
-
Diagnostic tests: CXR may show hyperinflation, peribronchial cuffing, congenital lesions; CT, tissue density abnormalities, airway lesions; MRI, airway, blood vessel interface; MRA defines vascular anatomy; nuclear med, reflux and V/Q studies; PFT, volume and air flow; bronchoscopy, lavage and visualize
-
Blood gas; disease-specific studies (e.g., sweat test)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Wheezing [Sibilant rhonchi]:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
If the patient isn’t in respiratory distress, obtain a history. What provokes his wheezing? Does he have asthma or allergies? Does he smoke or have a history of a pulmonary, cardiac, or circulatory disorder? Does he have cancer? Ask about recent surgery, illness, or trauma or changes in appetite, weight, exercise tolerance, or sleep patterns. Obtain a drug history. Ask about exposure to toxic fumes or any respiratory irritants. If he has a cough, ask how it sounds, when it starts, and how often it occurs. Does he have paroxysms of coughing? Is his cough dry, sputum producing, or bloody?
Ask the patient about chest pain. If he reports pain, determine its quality, onset, duration, intensity, and radiation. Does it increase with breathing, coughing, or certain positions?
Examine the patient’s nose and mouth for congestion, drainage, or signs of infection, such as halitosis. If he produces sputum, obtain a sample for examination. Check for cyanosis, pallor, clamminess, masses, tenderness, swelling, distended jugular veins, and enlarged lymph nodes. Inspect his chest for abnormal configuration and asymmetrical motion, and determine if the trachea is midline. (See Detecting slight tracheal deviation, page 599.) Percuss for dullness or hyperresonance, and auscultate for crackles, rhonchi, or pleural friction rubs. Note absent or hypoactive breath sounds, abnormal heart sounds, gallops, or murmurs. Also note arrhythmias, bradycardia, or tachycardia. (See Evaluating breath sounds.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Premature labor:
Diagnosis
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Premature labor is confirmed by the combined results of prenatal history, physical examination, presenting signs and symptoms, and ultrasonography (if available) showing the fetus’position in relation to the mother’s pelvis. Vaginal examination confirms progressive cervical effacement and dilation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Wheezing [Sibilant rhonchi]:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
If the patient isn’t in respiratory distress, obtain a history. What provokes his wheezing? Does he have asthma or allergies? Does he smoke or have a history of a pulmonary, cardiac, or circulatory disorder? Does he have cancer? Ask about recent surgery, illness, or trauma and recent changes in appetite, weight, exercise tolerance, or sleep patterns. Obtain a drug history. Ask about exposure to toxic fumes or any respiratory irritants. If he has a cough, ask how it sounds, when it starts, and how often it occurs. Does he have paroxysms of coughing? Is his cough dry, sputum producing, or bloody?
Ask the patient about chest pain. If he reports pain, determine its quality, onset, duration, intensity, and radiation. Does it increase with breathing, coughing, or certain positions?
Examine the patient’s nose and mouth for congestion, drainage, or signs of infection such as halitosis. If he produces sputum, obtain a specimen for examination. Check for cyanosis, pallor, clamminess, masses, tenderness, swelling, distended jugular veins, and enlarged lymph nodes. Inspect his chest for abnormal configuration and asymmetrical motion, and determine if the trachea is midline. (See Detecting slight tracheal deviation, page 766.) Percuss for dullness or hyperresonance, and auscultate for crackles, rhonchi, or pleural friction rub. Note absent or hypoactive breath sounds, abnormal heart sounds, gallops, or murmurs. Also note arrhythmias, bradycardia, or tachycardia. (See Evaluating breath sounds. See also Differential diagnosis: Wheezing, pages 826 and 827.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Wheezing:
History
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
A. Onset. Is this the first episode? If so, were there problems with wheezing or asthma in childhood?
B. Exposures. Are there any precipitating factors? Have there been any recent exposures? Is there an exposure to cigarette smoke? What is the patient’s occupation?
1. Cigarette smoke is one of the most potent and ubiquitous avoidable allergens.
2. Occupational exposures can frequently be identified, especially among agricultural and industrial workers.
3. Family or household exposure to tuberculosis or pertussis can indicate an infectious cause.
C. Concurrent illnesses. Has the patient recently suffered an upper respiratory infection or sinusitis? Is there a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease?
D. Family history. A history of asthma, allergies, or atopic disease in family members can support the diagnosis of asthma.
E. Past history. A childhood history of atopic disease or allergies suggests adult onset asthma. Past history of exercise-induced wheezing also supports this diagnosis.
F. Psychosocial aspects. Emotional stress can lead to exacerbation of chronic asthma. Psychogenic wheezing is a conversion disorder, which can coexist with other psychopathology.
Physical examination
A. Vital signs. A full set of vital signs is essential to the assessment of the wheezing patient. The respiratory rate and the pulse are a more objective, and often more accurate, assessment of the severity of wheezing than the auditory volume of the wheezing itself. Fever suggests a concurrent respiratory infection. Hypotension is an ominous sign that points to a decompensating patient.
B. Lung examination. During auscultation, note the location, intensity, and duration of wheezing. Wheezing caused by asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or interstitial disease should be diffuse and symmetric and present during expiration. The expiratory phase will be prolonged. Focal obstruction (e.g., tumors and foreign bodies) can give asymmetric findings and inspiratory wheezing. Mucus plugging will change with cough. Rhonchi and crackles suggest a concurrent infectious process. Percussion and egophony can be present with consolidation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter, 2000
Wheezing:
Differential Overview
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
Wheezing
❑ Asthma
❑ Reactive airways disease
❑ Pulmonary edema
❑ Pulmonary embolism
❑ Emphysema
❑ Gastroesophageal reflux
❑ Drug/toxin reaction
❑ Vocal cord dysfunction
❑ Foreign body aspiration
❑ Mediastinal mass
❑ Carcinoid syndrome
Stridor
❑ Mucus plug
❑ Laryngeal trauma
❑ Angioedema
❑ Acute epiglottitis
❑ Retropharyngeal abscess
Diagnostic Approach
A wheeze is a continuous musical sound produced by vibration of airway walls when they are near closure. A wheeze consisting of a single musical note indicates small airways disease, usually asthma. Polyphonic wheezes (multiple musical notes) are produced by dynamic compression of large central airways.
Stridor signifies central airway obstruction, and is an ominous portent of impending complete airway closure. Causes such as an aspirated foreign body or bronchogenic cancer should be suspected when the onset of wheezing is sudden and focal, allergic markers and specific triggers are absent, and response to bronchodilator is poor. A history of aspiration, or smoking and clubbing are also helpful.
Nocturnal wheezing could be the result of congestive heart failure (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) or gastric aspiration with reflux.
Dyspnea on exertion correlates with an FEV1 below 50% predicted, and dyspnea at rest with FEV1 below 25% predicted. Forced expiratory time (FET) is measured by ausculting over the trachea, and timing until airflow is no longer heard. FET of 9 seconds predicts an FEV1/FVC ratio of 70%. Stridor indicates that the airway diameter is less than 5 mm.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
Wheezing:
History
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
If the patient isn’t in respiratory distress, obtain his medical history. What provokes his wheezing? Does he have asthma or allergies? Does he smoke or have a history of a pulmonary, cardiac, or circulatory disorder? Does he have cancer? Ask about recent surgery, illness, or trauma or changes in appetite, weight, exercise tolerance, or sleep patterns. Obtain a drug history. Ask about exposure to toxic fumes or respiratory irritants. If he has a cough, ask how it sounds, when it starts, and how often it occurs. Does he have paroxysms of coughing? Is his cough dry, sputum producing, or bloody?
Ask the patient about chest pain. If he reports pain, determine its quality, onset, duration, intensity, and radiation. Does it increase with breathing, coughing, or certain positions?
Physical examination
Examine the patient’s nose and mouth for congestion, drainage, or signs of infection such as halitosis. If he produces sputum, obtain a sample for examination. Check for cyanosis, pallor, clamminess, masses, tenderness, swelling, jugular vein distention, and enlarged lymph nodes. Inspect his chest for abnormal configuration and asymmetrical motion, and determine if the trachea is midline. (See Detecting slight tracheal deviation, page 299.) Percuss for dullness or hyperresonance, and auscultate for crackles, rhonchi, or a pleural friction rub. Note absent or hypoactive breath sounds, abnormal heart sounds, gallops, or murmurs. (See Evaluating breath sounds.) Also note arrhythmias, bradycardia, or tachycardia. (See Wheezing: Causes and associated findings, pages 318 and 319.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Wheezing:
History
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
If the patient isn’t in respiratory distress, obtain a history. What provokes his wheezing? Does he have asthma or allergies? Does he smoke or have a history of a pulmonary, cardiac, or circulatory disorder? Does he have cancer? Ask about recent surgery, illness, or trauma or changes in appetite, weight, exercise tolerance, or sleep patterns. Obtain a drug history. Ask about exposure to toxic fumes or any respiratory irritants. If he has a cough, ask how it sounds, when it starts, and how often it occurs. Does he have paroxysms of coughing? Is his cough dry, sputum producing, or bloody?
Ask the patient about chest pain. If he reports pain, determine its quality, onset, duration, intensity, and radiation. Does it increase with breathing, coughing, or certain positions?
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Wheezing:
Clinical Features and Diagnosis
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
Asthma
Inflammatorydisorder of smaller airways produces recurrent wheezing, which isreversible with bronchodilator therapy or spontaneously. Wheezingis heard on expiration and often on inspiration.Cough, tachypnea, and dyspnea are commonfindings.Episodes may be triggered by viralinfections, allergens (pollens, molds, house dust mite, dog or catdander), exercise, cold air, emotional stress, noxious irritants(tobacco smoke, chemical fumes), and drugs (aspirin, propranolol).Clinical or family history of atopicdisease is common.Chest radiography often shows hyperinflationand peribronchial thickening. Peripheral eosinophilia may occurin some cases.Clinical findings and positive responseto bronchodilators confirm diagnosis. Bronchiolitis
Inflammationof bronchioles that is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)and occasionally by parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, andadenoviruses. Peak incidence is in infants 2–18 mos ofage during winter months.Usual presentation is rhinorrhea andcough for 1–2 days followed by tachypnea and expiratorywheezing. Fever and crackles are variable findings.Chest radiography usually shows hyperinflationand peribronchial thickening.Detection of RSV antigen can be accomplishedby enzyme immunoassay using secretions from nasal wash. Other virusesmay be detected by polymerase chain reaction or by nasal wash culture. Pneumonia
Is an inflammationor infection of lung parenchyma.Clinical findings include fever, cough,some degree of respiratory distress, and occasionally expiratorywheezing. Crackles and decreased breath sounds may be heard overinvolved lung field.Chest radiography confirms presenceof lung infiltrate but not the specific cause.See further discussion of pneumoniain Chap. 10, Cough. Foreign Body
Aspiration of foreign body in airway mayproduce choking, gagging, coughing, and wheezing (see Chap. 10, Cough).
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Wheezing is frequent finding in this disorder,which can occur following prolonged mechanical ventilation for treatmentof neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (see Chap. 10, Cough, and Chap. 56, Respiratory Distress and Apnea).
Cystic Fibrosis
Most common manifestation of respiratorydisease in cystic fibrosis is cough that is intermittent and oftenproductive. Wheezing also may occur, especially with acute pulmonaryexacerbations. This disorder is discussed in Chap. 10, Cough.
Cardiac Failure
Severe cardiac failure may cause pulmonaryedema and wheezing (see Chap.7, Cardiac Failure).
Bronchial Obstruction
Intrinsicor extrinsic tracheal or bronchial obstruction may cause wheezing.Intrinsic lesions include tracheomalacia,tracheal or bronchial stenosis, and endobronchial tumors.Extrinsic lesions include enlargedlymph nodes (tuberculosis, histoplasmosis), cardiovascular disorders(enlarged pulmonary arteries from large left-to-right shunt lesionsor enlarged left atrium of any cause), and mediastinal masses.In evaluation, chest radiography, bronchoscopy,chest CT, and MRI are useful diagnostic tools. Anaphylaxis
Can produceacute onset of urticaria, wheezing, and hypotension. There is usually historyof exposure to specific allergen (foods, drugs, hymenoptera stings).History and physical exam are usuallydiagnostic. Gastroesophageal Reflux
Gastroesophagealreflux disease may cause respiratory disturbances including wheezingand apnea. Often there is history of persistent regurgitation andpoor weight gain.Esophageal pH monitoring for 24 hrscan confirm presence of pathologic reflux. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Rare butcan be complication of asthma.Usual pathogen is A. fumigatus.Inhalation of spores and shedding ofantigens into respiratory tract lead to inflammatory response ofairways.Almost all affected individuals haverecurrent wheezing and dyspnea. Less frequent are chronic cough,fever, and pleuritic chest pain. Crackles may be heard over involvedlung segments.Chest radiography usually shows patchydensities or consolidation that usually occurs in upper lobes. Peripheralblood eosinophilia is usual feature.Serum immunoglobulin E level may beas high as 2,500 mg/dL. There is immunologic evidence ofexposure allergy to Aspergillus antigens (immediate skin reactivityor serum precipitins to these antigens). Sputum culture may revealA. fumigatus organisms.Most serious complication is saccularbronchiectasis, which usually begins centrally. Can be demonstratedby chest CT. Psychogenic
Normally,vocal cords abduct during inspiration and adduct slightly, if atall, during expiration.In vocal cord dysfunction, cords adductduring inspiration, narrowing airway. Throat tightness, wheezing,and dyspnea, especially on exertion, can occur.Direct visualization of cords throughfiberoptic laryngoscope, when patient is symptomatic, establishesdiagnosis. History of psychologic disturbance (e.g., anxiety ordepression) may be found in some cases. Diagnostic Approach
History,physical exam, and chest radiograph are diagnostic in most casesof wheezing.Age of child; timing and duration ofwheezing; presence of fever, stridor, or cough; and family historyof asthma or other atopic disorders help distinguish various causesof wheezing.Asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumoniaare most frequent causes of acute wheezing, whereas asthma is mostcommon cause of recurrent or persistent wheezing.Other useful tests in children withhistory of wheezing are sweat test (cystic fibrosis), pH probe andendoscopy (gastroesophageal reflux disease), video swallowing study(swallowing disorders with aspiration), bronchoscopy (foreign bodyaspiration, tracheal or bronchial stenosis, tracheomalacia), andflexible laryngoscopy (vocal cord dysfunction). Further investigationsdepend on suspected diagnosis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics, 2006
Wheezing [Sibilant rhonchi]:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
If the patient isn't in respiratory distress, obtain a history. What provokes his wheezing? Does he have asthma or allergies? Does he smoke or have a history of a pulmonary, cardiac, or circulatory disorder? Does he have cancer? Ask about recent surgery, illness, or trauma or changes in appetite, weight, exercise tolerance, or sleep patterns. Obtain a drug history. Ask about exposure to toxic fumes or respiratory irritants. If he has a cough, ask how it sounds, when it starts, and how often it occurs. Does he have paroxysms of coughing? Is his cough dry, sputum producing, or bloody?
Ask the patient about chest pain. If he reports pain, determine its quality, onset, duration, intensity, and radiation. Does it increase with breathing, coughing, or certain positions?
Examine the patient's nose and mouth for congestion, drainage, or signs of infection, such as halitosis. If he produces sputum, obtain a sample for examination. Check for cyanosis, pallor, clamminess, masses, tenderness, swelling, distended jugular veins, and enlarged lymph nodes. Inspect the patient's chest for abnormal configuration and asymmetrical motion, and determine if the trachea is midline. (See Detecting slight tracheal deviation, page 597.) Percuss for dullness or hyperresonance, and auscultate for crackles, rhonchi, or pleural friction rubs. Note absent or hypoactive breath sounds, abnormal heart sounds, gallops, or murmurs. Also note arrhythmias, bradycardia, or tachycardia. (See Evaluating breath sounds, pages 650 and 651.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Asthma strikes a surprisingly large number of Americans. For some it is a nuisance, to others it can be serious. Listen to experts talk about the...
Carcinoid disease is sometimes called "cancer in slow motion" because it can lurk in the body for decades. Learn how carcinoid tumors are different...
Irene used to get red-faced at parties. But it wasn't until her doctor made the connection between her irregular periods and her flushing that...
Turning red at a party can mean you've had one drink too many. But flushing is sometimes a sign of carcinoid disease. Learn about these...
See full list of 12 related videos
» Next page: Signs of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Rate This Website
What do you think about the features of this website?
Take our user survey and have your say:
Website User Survey
Medical Tools & Articles:
Next articles:
Tools & Services:
Medical Articles:
Forums & Message Boards
- Ask or answer a question at the Boards:
