Causes of Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae Causes: Book Excerpts
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As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
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Causes of Chlamydia pneumoniae: Online Medical Books
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Pneumonia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Pneumonia can be classified in several ways:
❑ Microbiologic etiology — Pneumonia can be viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, mycobacterial, mycoplasmal, or rickettsial in origin. (See Types of pneumonia, pages 538 to 541.)
❑ Location — Bronchopneumonia involves distal airways and alveoli; lobular pneumonia, part of a lobe; and lobar pneumonia, an entire lobe.
❑ Type — Primary pneumonia results from inhalation or aspiration of a pathogen; it includes pneumococcal and viral pneumonia. Secondary pneumonia may follow initial lung damage from a noxious chemical or other insult (superinfection), or may result from hematogenous spread of bacteria from a distant focus.
Predisposing factors for bacterial and viral pneumonia include chronic illness and debilitation, cancer (particularly lung cancer), abdominal and thoracic surgery, atelectasis, common colds or other viral respiratory infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis), influenza, smoking, malnutrition, alcoholism, sickle cell disease, tracheostomy, exposure to noxious gases, aspiration, and immunosuppressive therapy.
Predisposing factors for aspiration pneumonia include old age, debilitation, artificial airway use, nasogastric (NG) tube feedings, impaired gag reflex, poor oral hygiene, and decreased level of consciousness.
In elderly patients and patients who are debilitated, bacterial pneumonia may follow influenza or a common cold. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children ages 2 to 3. In school-age children, mycoplasma pneumonia is more common.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
P. carinii, the cause of PCP, usually is classified as a protozoan, although some investigators consider it more closely related to fungi. The organism exists as a saprophyte in the lungs of humans and various animals as part of the normal flora in most healthy people. It becomes an aggressive pathogen in the immunocompromised patient. Impaired cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity is thought to be more important than impaired humoral (B-cell) immunity in predisposing the patient to PCP, but the immune defects involved are poorly understood. P. carinii becomes activated in immunocompromised patients when the CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200/µl.
P. carinii invades the lungs bilaterally and multiplies extracellularly. As the infestation grows, alveoli fill with organisms and exudate, impairing gas exchange. The alveoli hypertrophy and thicken progressively, eventually leading to extensive consolidation.
The primary transmission route seems to be air, although the organism is already present in most people. The incubation period probably lasts for 4 to 8 weeks.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
BOOP has no known cause. However, other forms of bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia may be associated with specific diseases or situations, such as bone marrow, heart, or heart-lung transplantation; collagen vascular diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus; inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and polyarteritis nodosa; bacterial, viral, or mycoplasmal respiratory infections; inhalation of toxic gases; and drug therapy with amiodarone, bleomycin, penicillamine, or lomustine.
Much debate still exists about the various pathologies and classifications of bronchiolitis obliterans. Most patients with BOOP are between ages 50 and 60. Incidence is equally divided between men and women. A smoking history doesn’t seem to increase the risk of developing BOOP.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Vitamin C deficiency:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
This deficiency’s primary cause is a diet lacking in vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, spinach, and berries. Because the body can’t store this water-soluble vitamin in large amounts, the supply needs to be replenished daily. Other causes include:
❑ destruction of vitamin C in foods by overexposure to air or by overcooking
❑ excessive ingestion of vitamin C during pregnancy, which causes the neonate to require large amounts of the vitamin after birth
❑ marginal intake of vitamin C during periods of physiologic stress — caused by infectious disease, for example — which can deplete tissue saturation of vitamin C.
Historically common among sailors and others deprived of fresh fruits and vegetables for long periods of time, vitamin C deficiency is uncommon today in the United States, except in alcoholics, people on restricted-residue diets, and infants weaned from breast milk to cow’s milk without a vitamin C supplement.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Pneumonia Variants:
Differential Overview
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
❑ Streptococcus pneumoniae
❑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
❑ Haemophilus influenzae
❑ Chlamydia pneumoniae
❑ Influenza virus
❑ Staphylococcus aureus
❑ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
❑ Legionella pneumophila
❑ Klebsiella pneumoniae
❑ Pneumocystis carinii
❑ Chlamydia psittaci
❑ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
❑ Hantavirus
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
Pneumonia:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Pneumonia can be classified in several ways:
❑ Microbiologic etiology — Pneumonia can be viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal, mycobacterial, mycoplasmal, or rickettsial in origin.
❑ Location — Bronchopneumonia involves distal airways and alveoli; lobular pneumonia, part of a lobe; and lobar pneumonia, an entire lobe.
❑ Type — Primary pneumonia results from inhalation or aspiration of a pathogen; it includes pneumococcal and viral pneumonia. Secondary pneumonia may follow initial lung damage from a noxious chemical or other insult (superinfection), or may result from hematogenous spread of bacteria from a distant focus. (See Types of pneumonia, pages 650 to 653.)
Predisposing factors
Predisposing factors for bacterial and viral pneumonia include chronic illness and debilitation, cancer (particularly lung cancer), abdominal and thoracic surgery, atelectasis, common colds or other viral respiratory tract infections, chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis), influenza, smoking, malnutrition, alcoholism, sickle cell disease, tracheostomy, exposure to noxious gases, aspiration, and immunosuppressant therapy.
Predisposing factors for aspiration pneumonia include old age, debilitation, nasogastric (NG) tube feedings, impaired gag reflex, poor oral hygiene, and decreased level of consciousness.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
P. carinii, the cause of PCP, usually is classified as a protozoan, although some investigators consider it more closely related to fungi. The organism exists as a saprophyte in the lungs of humans and various animals.
Part of the normal flora in most healthy people, P. carinii becomes an aggressive pathogen in the immunocompromised patient. Impaired cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity is thought to be more important than impaired humoral (B-cell) immunity in predisposing the patient to PCP; however, the immune defects involved are poorly understood.
The organism invades the lungs bilaterally and multiplies extracellularly. As the infestation grows, alveoli fill with organisms and exudate, impairing gas exchange. The alveoli hypertrophy and thicken progressively, eventually leading to extensive consolidation.
The primary transmission route seems to be air, although the organism is already resident in most people. The incubation period probably lasts 4 to 8 weeks.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, idiopathic:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
BOOP has no known cause. However, other forms of bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia may be associated with specific diseases or situations, such as bone marrow, heart, or heart-lung transplantation; collagen vascular diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus; inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or polyarteritis nodosa; bacterial, viral, or mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections; inhalation of toxic gases; or drug therapy with amiodarone, bleomycin, penicillamine, or lomustine.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Assure coverage for resistantStreptococcus pneumoniae with vancomycin if there is a concernfor meningitis:
Risk Factors for Developing Meningitis
(Avoiding Common Pediatric Errors)
Conditions that predispose the patient to infection of the CNS should be
sought. One of the most common causes of meningitis is an infection of the
sinuses orother structuresinthehead orneck region thatresultsindirectextension of infection into the intracranial compartment. Open head injuries,
recent neurosurgical procedures, immunodeficiency, and the presence of a
mechanical shunt may likewise predispose individuals to intracranial infection.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Avoiding Common Pediatric Errors, 2008
Community-acquired Pneumonia:
Etiology
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
The primary bacterial pathogen in neonatal pneumonia is group B streptococci,
although
Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes have also been reported. The mechanism is similar to that in neonatal sepsis,
where colonization from the mother results in neonatal colonization and
breakthrough infection.
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. The
organism may reside in the genital tract of pregnant women and be transmitted
in about 60% of cases to infants at the time of delivery. About one half of
infants who acquire the organism develop conjunctivitis, and 20% eventually
develop lower respiratory disease.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
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