Prevalence and Incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Lifetime risk for Chlamydia pneumoniae:
50% of population has evidence of reaction by age 20 (DBMD)
Prevalence/Incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae.
Pneumonia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Pneumonia can be classified in several ways:
❑ Microbiologic etiology — Pneumonia can be viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, mycobacterial, mycoplasmal, or rickettsial in origin. (See Types of pneumonia, pages 538 to 541.)
❑ Location — Bronchopneumonia involves distal airways and alveoli; lobular pneumonia, part of a lobe; and lobar pneumonia, an entire lobe.
❑ Type — Primary pneumonia results from inhalation or aspiration of a pathogen; it includes pneumococcal and viral pneumonia. Secondary pneumonia may follow initial lung damage from a noxious chemical or other insult (superinfection), or may result from hematogenous spread of bacteria from a distant focus.
Predisposing factors for bacterial and viral pneumonia include chronic illness and debilitation, cancer (particularly lung cancer), abdominal and thoracic surgery, atelectasis, common colds or other viral respiratory infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic respiratory disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis), influenza, smoking, malnutrition, alcoholism, sickle cell disease, tracheostomy, exposure to noxious gases, aspiration, and immunosuppressive therapy.
Predisposing factors for aspiration pneumonia include old age, debilitation, artificial airway use, nasogastric (NG) tube feedings, impaired gag reflex, poor oral hygiene, and decreased level of consciousness.
In elderly patients and patients who are debilitated, bacterial pneumonia may follow influenza or a common cold. Respiratory viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children ages 2 to 3. In school-age children, mycoplasma pneumonia is more common.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
P. carinii, the cause of PCP, usually is classified as a protozoan, although some investigators consider it more closely related to fungi. The organism exists as a saprophyte in the lungs of humans and various animals as part of the normal flora in most healthy people. It becomes an aggressive pathogen in the immunocompromised patient. Impaired cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity is thought to be more important than impaired humoral (B-cell) immunity in predisposing the patient to PCP, but the immune defects involved are poorly understood. P. carinii becomes activated in immunocompromised patients when the CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200/µl.
P. carinii invades the lungs bilaterally and multiplies extracellularly. As the infestation grows, alveoli fill with organisms and exudate, impairing gas exchange. The alveoli hypertrophy and thicken progressively, eventually leading to extensive consolidation.
The primary transmission route seems to be air, although the organism is already present in most people. The incubation period probably lasts for 4 to 8 weeks.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
BOOP has no known cause. However, other forms of bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia may be associated with specific diseases or situations, such as bone marrow, heart, or heart-lung transplantation; collagen vascular diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus; inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and polyarteritis nodosa; bacterial, viral, or mycoplasmal respiratory infections; inhalation of toxic gases; and drug therapy with amiodarone, bleomycin, penicillamine, or lomustine.
Much debate still exists about the various pathologies and classifications of bronchiolitis obliterans. Most patients with BOOP are between ages 50 and 60. Incidence is equally divided between men and women. A smoking history doesn’t seem to increase the risk of developing BOOP.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Vitamin C deficiency:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
This deficiency’s primary cause is a diet lacking in vitamin C-rich foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, spinach, and berries. Because the body can’t store this water-soluble vitamin in large amounts, the supply needs to be replenished daily. Other causes include:
❑ destruction of vitamin C in foods by overexposure to air or by overcooking
❑ excessive ingestion of vitamin C during pregnancy, which causes the neonate to require large amounts of the vitamin after birth
❑ marginal intake of vitamin C during periods of physiologic stress — caused by infectious disease, for example — which can deplete tissue saturation of vitamin C.
Historically common among sailors and others deprived of fresh fruits and vegetables for long periods of time, vitamin C deficiency is uncommon today in the United States, except in alcoholics, people on restricted-residue diets, and infants weaned from breast milk to cow’s milk without a vitamin C supplement.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Community-acquired Pneumonia:
Epidemiology
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
Certain generalizations regarding the etiology of pediatric pneumonia can be
made. Viruses cause most lower respiratory diseases in younger children and
include respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B, parainfluenza, and
adenovirus. Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses have their peak
incidence in the fall and winter months, whereas parainfluenza dominates in the
spring and summer. The presence of wheezing is more common in patients with
viral pneumonia as compared with bacterial disease. Bacterial pathogens
commonly associated with pneumonia include
Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Many clinicians consider bacterial pneumonia, particularly S. pneumoniae, to be the likely cause of lower respiratory infection if the clinical history
is characterized by acute onset of symptoms such as cough and high fever. In
regard to the atypical pathogens, there is an age-related decline in the
incidence of viral pneumonia accompanied by an increased incidence of these
infections as children approach adolescence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Chlamydia pneumoniae usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Chlamydia pneumoniae at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Chlamydia pneumoniae refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Chlamydia pneumoniae diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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