Diagnostic Tests for Cholecystitis
Cholecystitis: Diagnostic Tests
The list of diagnostic tests
mentioned in various sources as
used in the diagnosis of Cholecystitis
includes:
Cholecystitis Tests: Book Excerpts
Home Diagnostic Testing
These home medical tests may be relevant to Cholecystitis:
- Bladder & Urinary Health: Home Testing:
- Menopause: Related Home Testing:
- Vaginal Health: Home Testing:
- Breast Cancer: Related Home Tests:
- Kidney Health: Home Testing:
Cholecystitis Diagnosis: Book Excerpts
Diagnostic Tests for Cholecystitis: Online Medical Books
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Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the diagnostic tests for Cholecystitis.
Abdominal mass:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
If the patient’s abdominal mass doesn’t suggest an aortic aneurysm, continue with a detailed history. Ask the patient if the mass is painful. If so, ask if the pain is constant or if it occurs only on palpation. Is it localized or generalized? Determine if the patient was already aware of the mass. If he was, find out if he noticed any change in the size or location of the mass.
Next, review the patient’s medical history, paying special attention to GI disorders. Ask the patient about GI symptoms, such as constipation, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abnormally colored stools, and vomiting. Has the patient noticed a change in his appetite? If the patient is female, ask whether her menstrual cycles are regular and when the first day of her last menstrual period was.
A complete physical examination should be performed. Next, auscultate for bowel sounds in each quadrant. Listen for bruits or friction rubs, and check for enlarged veins. Lightly palpate and then deeply palpate the abdomen, assessing any painful or suspicious areas last. Note the patient’s position when you locate the mass. Some masses can be detected only with the patient in a supine position; others require a side-lying position.
Estimate the size of the mass in centimeters. Determine its shape. Is it round or sausage shaped? Describe its contour as smooth, rough, sharply defined, nodular, or irregular. Determine the consistency of the mass. Is it doughy, soft, solid, or hard? Also, percuss the mass. A dull sound indicates a fluid-filled mass; a tympanic sound, an air-filled mass.
Next, determine if the mass moves with your hand or in response to respiration. Is the mass free-floating or attached to intra-abdominal structures? To determine whether the mass is located in the abdominal wall or the abdominal cavity, ask the patient to lift his head and shoulders off the examination table, thereby contracting his abdominal muscles. While these muscles are contracted, try to palpate the mass. If you can, the mass is in the abdominal wall; if you can’t, the mass is within the abdominal cavity. (See Abdominal masses: Locations and common causes.)
After the abdominal examination is complete, perform pelvic, genital, and rectal examinations.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Abdominal mass:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
If the patient’s abdominal mass doesn’t suggest an aortic aneurysm, take a detailed history. Ask the patient if the mass is painful. If so, ask if the pain is constant or if it occurs only on palpation. Is it localized or generalized? Determine if the patient was already aware of the mass. If he was, find out if he noticed any change in its size or location.
Next, review the patient’s medical history, paying special attention to GI disorders. Ask the patient about GI symptoms, such as constipation, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abnormally colored stools, and vomiting. Has the patient noticed a change in appetite? If the patient is female, ask whether her menstrual cycles are regular and when the 1st day of her last menstrual period was.
Perform a complete physical examination. Next, auscultate for bowel sounds in each quadrant. Listen for bruits or friction rubs, and check for enlarged veins. Lightly palpate and then deeply palpate the abdomen, assessing any painful or suspicious areas last. Note the patient’s position when you locate the mass. Some masses can be detected only with the patient in a supine position; others require a side-lying position.
Estimate the size of the mass in centimeters. Determine its shape. Is it round or sausage shaped? Describe its contour as smooth, rough, sharply defined, nodular, or irregular. Determine the consistency of the mass. Is it doughy, soft, solid, or hard? Also, percuss the mass. A dull sound indicates a fluid-filled mass; a tympanic sound, an air-filled mass.
Next, determine if the mass moves with your hand or in response to respiration. Is the mass free-floating or attached to intra-abdominal structures? To determine whether the mass is located in the abdominal wall or the abdominal cavity, ask the patient to lift his head and shoulders off the examination table, thereby contracting his abdominal muscles. While these muscles are contracted, try to palpate the mass. If you can, the mass is in the abdominal wall; if you can’t, the mass is within the abdominal cavity. (See Abdominal masses: Locations and causes, page 10.)
After the abdominal examination is complete, perform pelvic, genital, and rectal examinations.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Abdominal/Pelvic Mass:
Diagnostic Approach
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
Consider the structures in the region of the mass for clues to its origin and the presence of tenderness as an indicator of inflammation/infection. It is possible to miss initially even a relatively large mass unless a systematic four-quadrant examination is performed.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
Abdominal mass:
Physical assessment
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
A complete physical assessment should be performed. Be sure to auscultate for bowel sounds in each quadrant. Listen for bruits or friction rubs, and check for enlarged veins. Lightly palpate and then deeply palpate the abdomen, assessing any painful or suspicious areas last. Note the patient’s position when you locate the mass. Some masses can be detected only with the patient in a supine position; others require a side-lying position. (See Performing an abdominal assessment.)
Estimate the size of the mass in centimeters. Determine its shape. Is it round or sausage shaped? Describe its contour as smooth, rough, sharply defined, nodular, or irregular. Determine the consistency of the mass. Is it doughy, soft, solid, or hard? Also, percuss the mass. A dull sound indicates a fluid-filled mass; a tympanic sound, an air-filled mass.
Next, determine if the mass moves with your hand or in response to respiration. Is the mass free-floating or attached to intra-abdominal structures? To determine whether the mass is located in the abdominal wall or the abdominal cavity, ask the patient to lift his head and shoulders off the examination table, thereby contracting his abdominal muscles. While these muscles are contracted, try to palpate the mass. If you can, the mass is in the abdominal wall; if you can’t, the mass is within the abdominal cavity. (See Abdominal masses: Locations and causes.)
After the abdominal examination is complete, perform pelvic, genital, and rectal examinations.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Abdominal Masses:
Diagnostic Approach
(The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics)
Age of child,location and characteristics of mass, and associated clinical findingsare important factors in diagnosis.Liver masses are in right upper quadrant,splenic masses in left upper quadrant, and kidney masses in flanks;masses involving intestine and ovaries are likely to be palpablein lower quadrants.Any solid mass should be consideredmalignant until proved otherwise.If diagnosis is uncertain after historyand physical exam, abdominal radiographs should be performed.Most useful single test is abdominalU/S, which usually locates involved organ of origin and whethermass is solid or cystic, renal or extrarenal.CT and MRI play important role by demonstratinganatomic features of mass as well as local and metastatic extentof malignant lesions.Chest radiograph may be useful, especiallywith suspected neoplastic lesions. Renal Masses
Responsiblefor >50% of palpable abdominal masses in neonates.If mass is intrarenal, cystic, andsolitary, it is usually benign renal cyst. If it is cystic and multiloculated,renal multicystic dysplasia is usual diagnosis.In infants <1 yr, solid renalmasses are either congenital mesoblastic nephroma or Wilms tumor.These 2 tumors are indistinguishable by imaging exam.In children >1 yr, nearlyall solid intrarenal masses are Wilms tumors. Gastrointestinal Masses
Plain abdominalradiography and abdominal U/S are most important initialstudies.Other studies depend on suspected diagnosis:air-contrast enema (intussusception), CT (intestinal duplication,abscess, neoplasm), and upper GI series (volvulus). Liver Masses
Cystic lesionsare usually benign cysts, whereas solid intrahepatic lesions usuallysignify tumor. In latter case, CT and/or MRI help definelocation and extent of the mass.Histologic diagnosis is confirmatory. Splenic Masses
May be diagnosedby abdominal U/S.Malignant disease usually is infiltrativein nature (leukemia) and causes splenomegaly rather than discretesplenic mass. Involvement of the spleen by lymphoma may be infiltrativeor with discrete tumor foci. Biliary Tract Masses
Most arecystic and benign (choledochal cyst, hydrops of gallbladder) inchildren.Can usually be diagnosed by abdominalU/S. Adrenal Masses
Abdominal U/S can distinguish adrenalhematoma from neuroblastoma. Imaging cannot distinguish betweenneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, or ganglioneuroblastoma, and histologicdiagnosis is mandatory.
Genital Tract Masses
Usuallyovarian cysts in infant girls.May be readily diagnosed by abdominalU/S.Most common pelvic tumors in girlsare ovarian tumors. Further imaging is needed with CT or MRI.With pelvic mass in postmenstrual female,pregnancy test and U/S should be performed.If mass appears to be small functionalfollicular cyst, individual should be observed for 2–3mos to see whether it regresses.If it is >5 cm in diameterat time of diagnosis or suspicion of malignancy exists, laparoscopy orlaparotomy should be performed to make definitive histologic diagnosis. Pancreatic Masses
Most arepseudocysts and require no further imaging other than abdominalU/S.Rarely, solid pancreatic tumors occurand are either carcinomas or endocrine tumors. >
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics, 2006
Abdominal mass:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
If the patient's abdominal mass doesn't suggest an aortic aneurysm, continue with a detailed history. Ask the patient if the mass is painful. If so, ask if the pain is constant or if it occurs only on palpation. Is it localized or generalized? Determine if the patient was already aware of the mass. If he was, find out if he noticed any change in the size or location of the mass.
Next, review the patient's medical history, paying special attention to GI disorders. Ask the patient about GI symptoms, such as constipation, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abnormally colored stools, and vomiting. Has the patient noticed a change in his appetite? If the patient is female, ask whether her menstrual cycles are regular and the first day of her last menses.
A complete physical examination should be performed. Inspect the abdomen for asymmetry, scarring, discoloration, or other skin abnormalities. Also observe for pulsations. Next, auscultate for bowel sounds in each quadrant. Listen for bruits or friction rubs, and check for enlarged veins. Lightly palpate and then deeply palpate the abdomen, assessing any painful or suspicious areas last. Note the patient's position when you locate the mass. Some masses can be detected only with the patient in a supine position; others require a side-lying position.
Estimate the size of the mass in centimeters. Determine its shape. Is it round or sausage shaped? Describe its contour as smooth, rough, sharply defined, nodular, or irregular. Determine the consistency of the mass. Is it doughy, soft, solid, or hard? Percuss the mass. A dull sound indicates a fluid-filled mass; a tympanic sound, an air-filled mass.
Next, determine if the mass moves with your hand or in response to respiration. Is the mass free-floating or attached to intra-abdominal structures? To determine whether the mass is located in the abdominal wall or the abdominal cavity, ask the patient to lift his head and shoulders off the examination table, thereby contracting his abdominal muscles. While these muscles are contracted, try to palpate the mass. If you can, the mass is in the abdominal wall; if you can't, the mass is within the abdominal cavity. (See Abdominal masses: Locations and common causes, page 8.)
After the abdominal examination is complete, perform pelvic, genital, and rectal examinations.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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