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Accurate diagnosis necessitates a detailed patient history, physical examination, and hormonal studies. Serum and urinary gonadotropin levels increase in primary (hypergonadotropic) hypogonadism but decrease in secondary (hypogonadotropic) hypogonadism. Other relevant hormonal studies include assessment of neuroendocrine functions, such as thyrotropin, corticotropin, growth hormone, and vasopressin levels. Chromosomal analysis may determine the specific causative syndrome. Testicular biopsy and semen analysis determine sperm production, identify impaired spermatogenesis, and assess low levels of testosterone.
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
❑ Buccal smear determines genetic sex by showing a male sex chromatin pattern.
❑ Serum gonadotropin confirms the presence of testes by assessing the level of circulating hormone.
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
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