Prevalence and Incidence of Cystitis

Prevalence/Incidence of Cystitis: Online Medical Books

16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Cystitis.

Bladder cancer: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

Certain environmental carcinogens, such as 2-naphthylamine, benzidine, tobacco, and nitrates, predispose people to transitional cell tumors. Thus, workers in certain industries (rubber workers, weavers and leather finishers, aniline dye workers, hair-dressers, petroleum workers, and spray painters) are at high risk for such tumors. The period between exposure to the carcinogen and development of symptoms is about 18 years.

Squamous cell cancer of the bladder is most common in geographic areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. It's also associated with chronic bladder irritation and infection (for example, from renal calculi, indwelling urinary catheters, and cystitis caused by cyclophosphamide).

Bladder tumors are most prevalent in men older than age 50 and are more common in densely populated industrial areas.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

Lower urinary tract infection: Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))

Most lower UTIs result from ascending infection by a single, gram-negative, enteric bacterium, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, or Serratia. However, in a patient with neurogenic bladder, an indwelling catheter, or a fistula between the intestine and bladder, lower UTI may result from simultaneous infection with multiple pathogens. Recent studies suggest that infection results from a breakdown in local defense mechanisms in the bladder that allow bacteria to invade the bladder mucosa and multiply. These bacteria can’t be readily eliminated by normal micturition.

Bacterial flare-up during treatment is generally caused by the pathogenic organism’s resistance to the prescribed antimicrobial therapy. The presence of even a small number (less than 10,000/µl) of bacteria in a midstream urine sample obtained during treatment casts doubt on the effectiveness of treatment.

In 99% of patients, recurrent lower UTI results from reinfection by the same organism or from some new pathogen; in the remaining 1%, recurrence reflects persistent infection, usually from renal calculi, chronic bacterial prostatitis, or a structural anomaly that may become a source of infection.

The high incidence of lower UTI among females may result from the shortness of the female urethra (1¼" to 2" [3 to 5 cm]), which predisposes females to infection caused by bacteria from the vagina, perineum, rectum, or a sexual partner. Males are less vulnerable because their urethras are longer (7¼" [18.4 cm]) and because prostatic fluid serves as an antibacterial shield. However, in men older than age 60, incidence rates match those of women. In both males and females, infection usually ascends from the urethra to the bladder.

ELDER TIP As a person ages, his bladder muscles weaken, which may result in incomplete bladder emptying and chronic urine retention — factors that predispose the older person to bladder infections.

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005

About prevalence and incidence statistics:

The term 'prevalence' of Cystitis usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing Cystitis at any given time. The term 'incidence' of Cystitis refers to the annual diagnosis rate, or the number of new cases of Cystitis diagnosed each year. Hence, these two statistics types can differ: a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence, but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence. For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.

 » Next page: Videos related to Cystitis

Rate This Website

What do you think about the features of this website? Take our user survey and have your say:

Website User Survey

Medical Tools & Articles:

Next articles:

• Videos related to Cystitis
• Types of Cystitis
• Prevalence of Types of Cystitis
• Causes of Cystitis
• Risk Factors for Cystitis

Tools & Services:

• Bookmark this page
• Take a survey relating to Cystitis
• Symptom Search
• Symptom Checker
• Medical Dictionary
• Give your feedback

Medical Articles:

• Disease & Treatments Search
• Misdiagnosis Center
• Full list of interesting articles

Forums & Message Boards

• Ask or answer a question at the Boards:
• I cannot get a diagnosis. Please help.
• Tell us your medical story.
• Share your misdiagnosis story.
• What is the best treatment for my condition?
• See all the Boards.

Enter your search terms Submit search form
Search The Web Search wrongdiagnosis.com