Causes of Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy Causes: Book Excerpts
Diabetic Nephropathy as a complication of other conditions:
Other conditions that might have
Diabetic Nephropathy as a complication may,
potentially, be an underlying cause of Diabetic Nephropathy.
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Diabetic Nephropathy as a complication of that condition:
Diabetic Nephropathy as a symptom:
Conditions listing Diabetic Nephropathy
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Diabetic Nephropathy as a symptom of that condition:
What causes Diabetic Nephropathy?
Causes: Diabetic Nephropathy:
Diabetic sugar levels damage the kidney blood vessels.
Medical news summaries relating to Diabetic Nephropathy:
The following medical news items are relevant to causes of Diabetic Nephropathy:
Related information on causes of Diabetic Nephropathy:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Diabetic Nephropathy may be found in:
Causes of Diabetic Nephropathy: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the causes of Diabetic Nephropathy.
Acute pyelonephritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Acute pyelonephritis results from bacterial infection of the kidneys. Infecting bacteria usually are normal intestinal and fecal flora that grow readily in urine. The most common causative organism is Escherichia coli, but Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) may also cause this infection.
Typically, the infection spreads from the bladder to the ureters, then to the kidneys, as in vesicoureteral reflux due to congenital weakness at the junction of the ureter and the bladder. Bacteria refluxed to intrarenal tissues may create colonies of infection within 24 to 48 hours. Infection may also result from instrumentation (such as catheterization, cystoscopy, or urologic surgery), from a hematogenic infection (as in septicemia or endocarditis), or possibly from lymphatic infection.
Pyelonephritis may also result from an inability to empty the bladder (for example, in patients with neurogenic bladder), urinary stasis, or urinary obstruction due to tumors, strictures, or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Pyelonephritis occurs more commonly in females, probably because of a shorter urethra and the proximity of the urinary meatus to the vagina and the rectum — both conditions allow bacteria to reach the bladder more easily — and a lack of the antibacterial prostatic secretions produced in the male. Incidence increases with age and is higher in the following groups:
❑ Sexually active females: Intercourse increases the risk of bacterial contamination.
❑ Pregnant females: About 5% develop asymptomatic bacteriuria; if untreated, about 40% develop pyelonephritis.
❑ Diabetics: Neurogenic bladder causes incomplete emptying and urinary stasis; glycosuria may support bacterial growth in the urine.
❑ Persons with other renal diseases: Compromised renal function aggravates susceptibility.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Nephrotic syndrome:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
About 75% of nephrotic syndrome cases result from primary (idiopathic) glomerulonephritis. Classifications include:
❑ In lipid nephrosis (nil lesions), the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, the glomerulus looks normal by light microscopy. Some tubules may contain increased lipid deposits.
❑ Membranous glomerulonephritis, the most common lesion in adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, is characterized by uniform thickening of the glomerular basement membrane containing dense deposits and eventually progresses to renal failure.
❑ Focal glomerulosclerosis can develop spontaneously at any age, follow renal transplantation, or result from heroin abuse. Reported incidence of this condition is 10% in children with nephrotic syndrome and up to 20% in adults. Lesions initially affect the deeper glomeruli, causing hyaline sclerosis, with later involvement of the superficial glomeruli. These lesions generally cause slowly progressive deterioration in renal function. Remissions occur occasionally.
❑ In membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, slowly progressive lesions develop in the subendothelial region of the basement membrane. Lesions may follow infection, particularly streptococcal infection. This disease occurs primarily in children and young adults.
Other causes of nephrotic syndrome include metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus; collagen-vascular disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and periarteritis nodosa; circulatory diseases, such as heart failure, sickle cell anemia, and renal vein thrombosis; nephrotoxins, such as mercury, gold, and bismuth; allergic reactions; and infections, such as tuberculosis or enteritis. Other possible causes are pregnancy, hereditary nephritis, multiple myeloma, and other neoplastic diseases. These diseases increase glomerular protein permeability, leading to increased urinary excretion of protein, especially albumin, and subsequent hypoalbuminemia.
Nephrotic patients have an increased risk of infection, particularly of peritonitis.
PEDIATRIC TIP Black children appear to be at greater risk for peritonitis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Nephrotic syndrome:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
About 75% of nephrotic syndrome cases result from primary (idiopathic) glomerulonephritis. Classifications include the following:
❑ With minimal change disease (lipid nephrosis or nil disease) — the main cause of nephrotic syndrome in children — the glomeruli appear normal by light microscopy. Some tubules may contain increased lipid deposits.
❑ Membraneous glomerulonephritis — the most common lesion in patients with adult idiopathic nephrotic syndrome — is characterized by uniform thickening of the glomerular basement membrane containing dense deposits. It can eventually progress to renal failure.
❑ Focal glomerulosclerosis can develop spontaneously at any age, follow kidney transplantation, or result from heroin abuse. Lesions initially affect the deeper glomeruli, causing hyaline sclerosis, with later involvement of the superficial glomeruli. These lesions generally cause slowly progressive deterioration in renal function. Remissions occur occasionally.
❑ With membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, slowly progressive lesions develop in the subendothelial region of the basement membrane. These lesions may follow infection, particularly streptococcal infection. This disease occurs primarily in children and young adults.
Other causes of nephrotic syndrome include metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus; collagen-vascular disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa; circulatory diseases, such as heart failure and sickle cell anemia; nephrotoxins, such as mercury, gold, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories; allergic reactions; infections, such as tuberculosis or hepatitis B; preeclampsia toxemia; hereditary nephritis; multiple myeloma; and other neoplastic diseases. These diseases increase glomerular protein permeability, leading to the increased urinary excretion of protein, especially albumin, and subsequent hypoalbuminemia.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Pyelonephritis, acute:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Acute pyelonephritis results from bacterial infection of the kidneys. Infecting bacteria usually are normal intestinal and fecal flora that grow readily in urine. The most common causative organism is Escherichia coli, but Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus faecalis may also cause such infections.
Typically, the infection spreads from the bladder to the ureters, then to the kidneys, as in vesicoureteral reflux. Vesicoureteral reflux may result from congenital weakness at the junction of the ureter and the bladder.
Bacteria refluxed to intrarenal tissues may create colonies of infection within 24 to 48 hours. Infection may also result from instrumentation (such as catheterization, cystoscopy, or urologic surgery), from a hematogenic infection (as in septicemia or endocarditis) or, possibly, from lymphatic infection.
Pyelonephritis may also result from an inability to empty the bladder (for example, in patients with neurogenic bladder), urinary stasis, or urinary obstruction due to tumors, strictures, or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Pyelonephritis occurs more commonly in females, probably because of a shorter urethra and the proximity of the urinary meatus to the vagina and rectum (both of which allow bacteria to reach the bladder more easily) and a lack of the antibacterial prostatic secretions produced in the male.
Risk factors
Incidence increases with age and is higher in the following groups:
❑ sexually active women — increased risk of bacterial contamination from intercourse.
❑ pregnant women — about 5% develop asymptomatic bacteriuria; if untreated, about 40% develop pyelo-nephritis.
❑ diabetics — neurogenic bladder causes incomplete emptying and urinary stasis; glycosuria may support bacterial growth in the urine.
❑ people with other renal diseases — increased susceptibility resulting from compromised renal function.
CLINICAL TIP: Acute pyelo-nephritis is more likely to occur in patients who have undergone urinary tract manipulation — such as for the placement of a urinary catheter. Caution is advised in selecting patients for urinary catheter placement.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
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