Causes of DiGeorge's syndrome
DiGeorge's syndrome Causes: Book Excerpts
What causes DiGeorge's syndrome?
Causes: DiGeorge's syndrome:
Chromosomal deletion at 22q11.
Related information on causes of DiGeorge's syndrome:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of DiGeorge's syndrome may be found in:
Causes of DiGeorge's syndrome: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the causes of DiGeorge's syndrome.
Gag reflex abnormalities [Pharyngeal reflex abnormalities]:
Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Basilar artery occlusion
Basilar artery occlusion may suddenly diminish or obliterate the gag reflex. It also causes diffuse sensory loss, dysarthria, facial weakness, extraocular muscle palsies, quadriplegia, and a decreased LOC.
Brain stem glioma
Brain stem glioma causes a gradual loss of the gag reflex. Related symptoms reflect bilateral brain stem involvement and include diplopia and facial weakness. Common involvement of the corticospinal pathways causes spasticity and paresis of the arms and legs as well as gait disturbances.
Bulbar palsy
Loss of the gag reflex reflects temporary or permanent paralysis of muscles supplied by CNs IX and X. Other indicators of bulbar palsy include jaw and facial muscle weakness, dysphagia, loss of sensation at the base of the tongue, increased salivation, possible difficulty articulating and breathing, and fasciculations.
Wallenberg’s syndrome
Paresis of the palate and an impaired gag reflex usually develop within hours to days of thrombosis. The patient may experience analgesia and thermanesthesia, occurring ipsilaterally on the face and contralaterally on the body, and vertigo. He may also display nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia of the arm and leg, and signs of Horner’s syndrome (unilateral ptosis and miosis, hemifacial anhidrosis).
Other causes
Anesthesia
General and local (throat) anesthesia can produce temporary loss of the gag reflex.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
DiGeorge syndrome:
Causes
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
DiGeorge syndrome is probably caused by abnormal fetal development (12th week of gestation) of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, which interferes with thymus formation. As a result, the thymus is completely absent or partially present in an abnormal location, causing deficient T cell-mediated immunity. (See Role of the thymus in immune response.) This syndrome has been associated with maternal alcoholism and resultant fetal alcohol syndrome.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Pharyngitis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Pharyngitis is usually caused by a virus. The most common bacterial cause is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Other common causes include Mycoplasma and Chlamydia. In up to 30% of cases, no organism is identified.
Pharyngitis is widespread among adults who live or work in dusty or very dry environments, use their voices excessively, habitually use tobacco or alcohol, or suffer from chronic sinusitis, persistent coughs, or allergies.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Gag reflex abnormalities [Pharyngeal reflex abnormalities]:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Basilar artery occlusion
This disorder may suddenly diminish or obliterate the gag reflex. It also causes diffuse sensory loss, dysarthria, facial weakness, extraocular muscle palsies, quadriplegia, and decreased LOC.
Brain stem glioma
This lesion causes gradual loss of the gag reflex. Related symptoms reflect bilateral brain stem involvement and include diplopia and facial weakness. Involvement of the corticospinal pathways causes spasticity and paresis of the arms and legs as well as gait disturbances.
Bulbar palsy
Loss of the gag reflex reflects temporary or permanent paralysis of muscles supplied by cranial nerves IX and X. Other indicators of this paralysis include jaw and facial muscle weakness, dysphagia, loss of sensation at the base of the tongue, increased salivation, fasciculations and, possibly, difficulty articulating and breathing.
Myasthenia gravis
In severe myasthenia, the motor limb of the gag reflex is reduced. Weakness worsens with repetitive use and may also involve other muscles.
Wallenberg’s syndrome
Paresis of the palate and an impaired gag reflex usually develop within hours to days of thrombosis. The patient may experience analgesia and thermanesthesia, occurring ipsilaterally on the face and contralaterally on the body, as well as vertigo. He may also display nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia of the arm and leg, and signs of Horner’s syndrome (unilateral ptosis and miosis, hemifacial anhidrosis).
Other causes
Anesthesia
General and local (throat) anesthesia can produce temporary loss of the gag reflex.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Pharyngitis:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Pharyngitis is usually caused by a virus. The most common viral agents are rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza. The most common bacterial cause is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Other common causes include Mycoplasma and Chlamydia.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Gag reflex abnormalities [Pharyngeal reflex abnormalities]:
Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Basilar artery occlusion.Basilar artery occlusion may suddenly diminish or obliterate the gag reflex. It also causes diffuse sensory loss, dysarthria, facial weakness, extraocular muscle palsies, quadriplegia, and a decreased LOC.
Brain stem glioma.Brain stem glioma causes a gradual loss of the gag reflex. Related symptoms reflect bilateral brain stem involvement and include diplopia and facial weakness. Common involvement of the corticospinal pathways causes spasticity and paresis of the arms and legs as well as gait disturbances.
Bulbar palsy.Loss of the gag reflex reflects temporary or permanent paralysis of muscles supplied by CNs IX and X. Other indicators of bulbar palsy include jaw and facial muscle weakness, dysphagia, loss of sensation at the base of the tongue, increased salivation, possible difficulty articulating and breathing, and fasciculations.
Wallenberg's syndrome.Paresis of the palate and an impaired gag reflex usually develop within hours to days of thrombosis. The patient may experience analgesia and thermanesthesia, occurring ipsilaterally on the face and contralaterally on the body, and vertigo. He may also display nystagmus, ipsilateral ataxia of the arm and leg, and signs of Horner syndrome (unilateral ptosis and miosis, hemifacial anhidrosis).
Other causes
Anesthesia.General and local (throat) anesthesia can produce temporary loss of the gag reflex.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Pharyngitis:
Pharyngitis - etiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Viral:
- Adenovirus types 1–7, 7a, 9, 14, 15, and 16
- Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
- Influenza A, B: Usually associated with more severe systemic complaints
- Parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3
- Enteroviruses: Coxsackie A and B and echoviruses
- Measles, rubella, coronavirus, and cytomegalovirus
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- Rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): Not usually associated with pharyngeal inflammation
- HIV
- Bacterial:
- Streptococcus pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic streptococcus)
- Group C or G streptococci
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria)
- Corynebacterium hemolyticum
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma hominis
- Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
- Oral anaerobes (Vincent angina)
- Fungi: Candida species (oral thrush)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
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Symptoms of DiGeorge's syndrome
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