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Is there redness of the eye? Redness of the eye suggests definite eye pathology. Without redness, one should suspect disease in the adjacent structures or retrobulbar neuritis.
If there is redness, is there ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the onset acute or gradual? An acute onset would suggest optic neuritis, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, extradural hematoma, brain abscess, dural sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and subarachnoid ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it transient? If the scotomas are transient, then migraine, transient ischemic attacks, and retrobulbar neuritis should be suspected.
Are there abnormalities on the eye examination other than the optic nerve? On a careful ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is it unilateral? Diplopia that is unilateral is rare, but it can be encountered in ectopia lentis as associated with Marfan's disease, as well as in congenital double pupil, cataracts, and corneal opacities.
Is it ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Papilledema is defined as swelling or edema of the optic discs; it is usually bilateral and is due to increased intracranial pressure. Clinically, the disk appears elevated and the margins appear indistinct or blurred with obscuring of some small... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diplopia, or double vision, is a common ophthalmologic complaint. Diplopia may be horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. It occurs secondary to paralysis, paresis, and/or restriction of the extraocular muscles. Most cases are binocular, due to misalignment of the two eyes.... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diplopia of sudden onset is more related to neurologic disease than to ocular disease. Other than space-occupying orbital lesions, most diplopia can be related to a neurologic disorder. The first causes that should come to mind are undiagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes and myasthenia... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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True optic disc swelling or edema can be a very ominous sign. Papilledema is defined as disc swelling produced by increased ICP; it may be asymmetric, UL, or BL. Acutely, the vision, color vision, and pupillary responses are normal, but the blind spot is increased on visual... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma and all the refractive disorders (e.g., astigmatism, myopia,
... READ EXCERPTS »
... No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor cerebri. The polycythemia and right heart failure
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... Most physicians know that double vision is a neurologic condition and may refer these cases immediately to a neurologist, but what about the cases of double vision with one eye closed? Surprisingly enough, this condition really does exist. Monocular diplopia
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Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically, the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Diplopia is double vision — seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle incoordination? Orbital lesions, the effects of surgery... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity. Typically, the patient can pinpoint... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle incoordination? Orbital lesions, the effects of surgery, or impaired... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Richard C. Mauer
Papilledema is optic disc swelling produced by increased intracranial pressure. The diagnostic assessment of papilledema is critical in that the underlying cause can range from a subarachnoid hemorrhage to a totally benign optic disc head... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Michael J. Puk
Scotoma is defined as a blind or partially blind area in the visual field. A basic understanding of neuroanatomy helps to localize the visual field defect. Simply put, pathology anterior to the optic chiasm... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testin ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Richard C. Mauer
Diplopia, or true double vision, not simply blurred vision, can be a very useful clinical symptom. A range of problems can be limited to the eye or be as severe as an intracranial aneurysm. Evaluation in a systematic manner is... Approach ... History ... Physical examination. Focused physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Conjunctivitis
❑ Corneal abrasion
❑ Foreign body
❑ Sinusitis
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Diplopia
❑ Alcohol
❑ Diabetes
❑ Brainstem ischemia/lesion
&... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, itching, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative disorder. ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Eye pain, or ophthalmalgia, may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Diplopia is the clinical term for double vision, or seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. Orbital lesions, the effects of surgery, or impaired... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A scotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within an otherwise normal or slightly impaired visual field. Usually located within the central 30-degree area, the defect ranges from absolute blindness to a barely detectable loss of visual acuity.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Diplopia is double vision—seeing one object as two. This symptom results when extraocular muscles fail to work together, causing images to fall on noncorresponding parts of the retinas. What causes this muscle incoordination? Orbital... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Eye pain may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also be characterized as a foreign-body sensation. This sign varies from mild to severe; its duration and exact location provide clues to the causative disorder.
... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Applying the mnemonic MINT to the various anatomic parts of the
eye will aid in systematically developing a list of diagnostic possibilities
for eye pain.
M—Malformations most certainly suggest glaucoma and all the ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
No anatomic analysis of this condition is necessary because most cases
of papilledema are caused by intracranial pathology. Three notable
extracranial conditions are optic neuritis, hypertension, and pseudotumor
cerebri. The polycythemia and right heart... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Most physicians know that double vision is a neurologic condition and
may refer these cases immediately to a neurologist, but what about the cases
of double vision with one eye closed? Surprisingly enough, this condition
really does exist. Monocular diplopia... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
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