Causes of Diseases contagious from blood transfusion
Diseases contagious from blood transfusion Causes: Book Excerpts
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Blood transfusion reaction:
Causes
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Hemolytic reactions follow transfusion of mismatched blood. Transfusion of serologically incompatible blood triggers the most serious reaction, marked by intravascular agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs). The recipient’s antibodies (immunoglobulin [Ig] G or IgM) attach to the donated RBCs, leading to widespread clumping and destruction of the recipient’s RBCs and, possibly, the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and other serious effects.
Transfusion of Rh-incompatible blood triggers a less serious reaction within several days to 2 weeks. Rh reactions are most common in females sensitized to RBC antigens by prior pregnancy or by unknown factors (such as bacterial or viral infection) and in people who have received more than five transfusions. (See Understanding the Rh system.)
Allergic reactions are fairly common but only occasionally serious. In this type of reaction, transfused soluble antigens react with surface IgE molecules on mast cells and basophils, causing degranulation and release of allergic mediators. Antibodies against IgA in an IgA-deficient recipient can also trigger a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).
Febrile nonhemolytic reactions, the most common type of reaction, apparently develop when cytotoxic or agglutinating antibodies in the recipient’s plasma attack antigens on transfused lymphocytes, granulocytes, or plasma cells.
Although fairly uncommon, bacterial contamination of donor blood can occur during donor phlebotomy. Offending organisms are usually gram-negative, especially Pseudomonas species, Citrobacter freundii, and Escherichia coli.
Contamination of donor blood with viruses, such as hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, and malaria, is also possible.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
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