Treatments for Encephaloceles
Treatments for Encephaloceles
The list of treatments mentioned in various sources
for Encephaloceles
includes the following list.
Always seek professional medical advice about any treatment
or change in treatment plans.
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Hospital statistics for Encephaloceles:
These medical statistics relate to hospitals, hospitalization and Encephaloceles:
- 0.001% (83) of hospital consultant episodes were for encephalocele in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 86% of hospital consultant episodes for encephalocele required hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 43% of hospital consultant episodes for encephalocele were for men in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 57% of hospital consultant episodes for encephalocele were for women in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- more hospital information...»
Discussion of treatments for Encephaloceles:
Generally, surgery is performed during infancy to place
the protruding tissues back into the skull, remove the sac, and correct
the associated craniofacial abnormalities. Hydrocephalus may require a
shunt. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
(Source: excerpt from
NINDS Encephaloceles Information Page: NINDS)
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Book Excerpts: Treatment of Encephaloceles
Treatments of Encephaloceles: Online Medical Books
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for more information about the treatments of Encephaloceles.
Headache:
Treatment
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
-
Tension-type headache: Regular exercise, stress management, tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics
-
Migraine headache: Avoid triggers; serotonin agonists (e.g., sumatriptan), NSAIDs, ergotomines
-
Temporal arteritis: High-dose corticosteroids
-
Meningitis: Search for and treat the primary source (e.g., pneumonia, sinusitis, neoplasm)
–Urgent antimicrobial administration for infections
–Treat inflammatory causes with steroids
-
Subarachnoid hemorrhage requires attention to airway, breathing, and circulation, and management of increased intracranial pressure (maintain normal blood pressure; hypertension may cause the aneurysm to rebleed, hypotension may cause cerebral ischemia); administer nimodipine to prevent cerebral vasospasm, seizure prophylaxis with IV phenytoin, surgery
-
Cluster headache: Oxygen inhalation for 5–10 minutes; serotonin agonists, ergotamines, and/or methysergide
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Headache:
Treatment
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
-
Explanation and reassurance alone may provide relief
-
Avoid triggers
–Trauma, sunlight, insomnia, stress, diet, dehydration
-
Symptomatic treatment:
–Acetominophen, NSAIDs, Midrin, Fioricet, Fiorinal
–Selective serotonin-1 receptor agonists
–Dihydroergotamine (DHE); Migranal nasal spray
–Antiemetics
-
Prophylaxis
–NSAIDs, β-blockers, tricyclic antidepressants,
cyproheptadine, calcium channel blockers,
antiepileptic drugs, biofeedback
-
Cluster headaches
–Treated with inhalation of oxygen; sumatriptan
-
Pseudotumor
–Weight reduction, Diamox
–Optic nerve sheath decompression or shunting
>>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Nuchal Rigidity:
Treatment
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
-
Meningitis/encephalitis
–Broad-spectrum antibiotics
–Neurologic checks
–Dexamethasone may improve neurologic outcome and
lower incidence of postmeningitic deafness
-
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
–Immediate neurosurgical evaluation
–Consider MRA/conventional angiography
–Surgical clipping and excision
–Pharmacologic management of cerebral vasospasm
–Nimodipine is often used to prevent delayed ischemia
-
Torticollis: Treat with valium, botulinum toxin type A
-
Adenitis/dental abscess: Antibiotic treatment
-
Injury: Soft collar, NSAIDs
-
Cervical muscle spasms
–Heat, massage, soft cervical collar, analgesics
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Nuchal rigidity:
Emergency interventions
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
After eliciting nuchal rigidity, attempt to elicit Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s signs. Quickly evaluate the patient’s level of consciousness (LOC). Take his vital signs. If you note signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), such as increased systolic pressure, bradycardia, and a widened pulse pressure, start an I.V. line for drug administration and deliver oxygen as necessary. Keep the head of the bed at least as low as 30 degrees. Draw a specimen for routine blood studies such as a complete blood count with a white blood cell count and electrolyte levels.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Headache:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Depending on the type of headache, analgesics — ranging from aspirin to codeine or meperidine — may provide symptomatic relief. Other measures include identification and elimination of causative factors and, possibly, psychotherapy for headaches caused by emotional stress. Chronic tension headaches may also require muscle relaxants.
For migraine headaches, ergotamine alone or with caffeine may be an effective treatment. The Food and Drug Administration allows labeling of various analgesic preparations that include caffeine to state that they’re for the treatment of migraine headaches. Remember that these medications can’t be taken by pregnant women because they stimulate uterine contractions. These drugs and others, such as metoclopramide or naproxen, work best when taken early in the course of an attack. If nausea and vomiting make oral administration impossible, drugs may be given as rectal suppositories.
Drugs in the class of sumatriptan are considered by many clinicians to be the drug of choice for acute migraine attacks or cluster headaches. Drugs that can help prevent migraine headaches include antidepressants (such as nortriptyline or fluoxetine), beta blockers (propranolol), and calcium-channel blockers (verapamil). Corticosteroids provide short-term relief for some patients with cluster headaches.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Meningitis:
Treatment (Tx)
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Antibiotics, supportive care (analgesics; bed rest; sedatives, anticonvulsants, and cardiac glycosides, as appropriate)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Meningococcal infections:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
As soon as meningococcal infection is suspected, treatment begins with high doses of aqueous penicillin G, ampicillin, or ceph-alosporins such as ceftriaxone; or, for the patient who is allergic to penicillin, I.V. chloramphenicol. Therapy may also include mannitol for cerebral edema, I.V. heparin for DIC, dopamine for shock, and digoxin and a diuretic if heart failure develops. Supportive measures include fluid and electrolyte maintenance, ventilation (maintenance of a patent airway and oxygen, if necessary), insertion of an arterial or central venous pressure (CVP) line to monitor cardiovascular status, and bed rest.
Prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin or rifampin aids health care personnel who work in close contact with the patient, such as those administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation or assisting with intubation or suctioning without wearing a surgical mask.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Nuchal rigidity:
Emergency Interventions
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
After eliciting nuchal rigidity, attempt to elicit Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s signs. Quickly evaluate level of consciousness (LOC). Take vital signs. If you note signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), such as increased systolic pressure, bradycardia, and widened pulse pressure, start an I.V. line for drug administration and deliver oxygen as necessary, and keep the head of the bed at least as low as 30 degrees. Draw a specimen for routine blood studies such as a complete blood count with a white blood cell count and electrolyte levels.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Headache:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
Depending on the type of headache, treatment interventions range from relaxation techniques, massage, and biofeedback to pharmacologic agents. Tricyclic antidepressants, beta-adrenergic blockers, and anticonvulsants may be prescribed for headache prevention; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), combination NSAIDs with caffeine, ergotamines, and dopamine antagonists may be used for abortive measures. Narcotic agents are generally avoided or may be limited to twice weekly.
Abortive therapy using the synthetic form of serotonin (sumatriptan) is available in an oral form and as a nasal spray and can easily be carried for immediate use.
Other measures include identification and elimination of causative factors, stressors, or stimuli that might trigger an attack such as in the migraine-type headache. Diet history and examination of lifestyle patterns may help identify causative agents.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Headache:
Patient counseling
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Teach the patient and his family or caregiver how to recognize signs of reduced LOC and seizures. Discuss ways to maintain a safe, quiet environment and reduce environmental stress, if indicated. Discuss the use of analgesics to ease the headache.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Nuchal rigidity:
Emergency Actions
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
After eliciting nuchal rigidity, attempt to elicit Kernig’s and Brudzinski’s signs. Quickly evaluate level of consciousness (LOC). Take vital signs. If you note signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), such as increased systolic pressure, bradycardia, and widened pulse pressure, start an I.V. line for drug administration and deliver oxygen as necessary, and keep the head of the bed at least as low as 30 degrees. Draw a sample for routine blood studies such as a complete blood count with a white blood cell count and electrolyte levels.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Headache:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Monitor the patient's vital signs and LOC.
▪ Watch for a change in the headache's severity or location.
▪ To help ease the headache, administer an analgesic, darken the patient's room, and minimize other stimuli.
▪ Prepare the patient for diagnostic tests, such as skull X-rays, a computed to-mography scan, lumbar puncture, or cerebral arteriography.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain all procedures and treatments to the patient.
▪ Discuss the signs of reduced LOC and seizures that the patient or his caregivers should report.
▪ Explain ways to maintain a safe, quiet environment and reduce environmental stress.
▪ Discuss the proper use of analgesics.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Nuchal rigidity:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Prepare the patient for diagnostic tests, such as computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, and cervical spinal X-rays.
▪ Monitor the patient's vital signs, intake and output, and neurologic status closely.
▪ Avoid routine administration of opioid analgesics because these may mask signs of increasing ICP.
▪ Enforce strict bed rest; keep the head of the bed elevated at least 30 degrees to help minimize ICP.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain all procedures and diagnostic tests to the patient and his family.
▪ Orient the patient, as appropriate.
▪ Explain the cause of nuccal rigidity and the treatment plan.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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