All statistics for Esophagus diseases
Prevalence/Incidence of Esophagus diseases: Online Medical Books
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for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Esophagus diseases.
Tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia result from failure of the embryonic esophagus and trachea to develop and separate correctly. Respiratory system development begins at about day 26 of gestation. Abnormal development of the septum during this time can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula. The most common abnormality is type C tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, in which the upper section of the esophagus terminates in a blind pouch, and the lower section ascends from the stomach and connects with the trachea by a short fistulous tract.
In type A atresia, both esophageal segments are blind pouches, and neither is connected to the airway. In type E (or H-type), tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia, the fistula may occur anywhere between the level of the cricoid cartilage and the midesophagus, but is usually higher in the trachea than in the esophagus. Such a fistula may be as small as a pinpoint. In types B and D, the upper portion of the esophagus opens into the trachea; neonates with this anomaly may experience life-threatening aspiration of saliva or food.
Esophageal atresia occurs in about 1 of every 1,500 to 3,000 live births; about one-third of these neonates are born prematurely.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Esophageal diverticula:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Esophageal diverticula are due to primary muscular abnormalities that may be congenital or to inflammatory processes adjacent to the esophagus. Zenker’s diverticulum occurs when the pouch results from increased intraesophageal pressure; traction diverticulum occurs when the pouch is pulled out by adjacent inflamed tissue or lymph nodes. Some authorities classify all diverticula as traction diverticula.
Zenker’s diverticulum results from developmental muscular weakness of the posterior pharynx above the border of the cricopharyngeal muscle. The pressure of swallowing aggravates this weakness, as does contraction of the pharynx before relaxation of the sphincter. A midesophageal (traction) diverticulum is a response to scarring and pulling on esophageal walls by an external inflammatory process such as tuberculosis. An epiphrenic diverticulum (rare) is generally right-sided and usually accompanies an esophageal motor disturbance, such as esophageal spasm or achalasia. It’s thought to be caused by traction and pulsation.
Most diverticula occur in middle-aged and elderly patients. Zenker’s diverticula most commonly in patients older than age 50 and are especially prevalent in patients in their 70s and 80s.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Esophageal cancer:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The cause of esophageal cancer is unknown, but among predisposing factors are chronic irritation caused by heavy smoking and excessive use of alcohol, stasis-induced inflammation, nutritional deficiency, and diets high in nitrosamines. A genetic link has been proposed concerning an overexpression and mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Esophageal tumors are usually fungating and infiltrating. Most arise in squamous cell epithelium. However, the number of adenocarcinomas is greatly rising in the United States. Melanomas and sarcomas are few.
Regardless of type, esophageal cancer is usually fatal, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 10% and regional metastasis occurring early via submucosal lymphatics. Metastasis produces such serious complications as tracheoesophageal fistulas, mediastinitis, and aortic perforation. Common sites of distant metastasis include the liver and lungs. (See Staging esophageal cancer.)
Esophageal cancer most commonly develops in men older than age 60 and is nearly always fatal. This disease occurs worldwide, but incidence varies geographically. It's most common in Japan, China, the Middle East, and parts of South Africa.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Corrosive esophagitis and stricture:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The most common chemical injury to the esophagus follows the ingestion of lye or other strong alkali; ingestion of strong acids is less common. The type and amount of chemical ingested determine the severity and location of the damage. In children, household chemical ingestion is accidental; in adults, it’s usually a suicide attempt or gesture. The chemical may damage only the mucosa or submucosa or it may damage all layers of the esophagus.
Esophageal tissue damage occurs in three phases: the acute phase, consisting of edema and inflammation; the latent phase, with ulceration, exudation, and tissue sloughing; and the chronic phase, in which there is diffuse scarring.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease accounts for 70% to 80% of all cases of esophageal stricture. Postoperative strictures account for 10% of all cases, and corrosive strictures account for less than 5% of all cases. Peptic strictures are 10 times more common in Whites than in Blacks and Asians and two to three times more common in men than in women.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Esophagus diseases usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Esophagus diseases at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Esophagus diseases refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Esophagus diseases diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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