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Diarrhea

Contents
  1. Read book excerpt
  2. Fecal incontinence: Introduction
  3. Fecal incontinence Misdiagnosis
  4. Fecal incontinence Causes
  5. Fecal incontinence Complications
  6. Fecal incontinence Treatments
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  10. Diagnosis of Fecal incontinence
  11. Fecal incontinence Overview
  12. More book excerpts for Fecal incontinence

Diarrhea: Excerpt from A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis

Acute Diarrhea


Infections
   Viral gastroenteritis (adenovirus, Norwalk agent,
rotavirus, etc.)
   Bacterial
   Invasive (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Yersinia)
   Toxigenic (e.g., Staphylococcus, E. coli, Clostridium difficile, Vibrio   sp., toxic shock syndrome)
   Food poisoning
   Staphylococcus aureus

   Bacillus cereus

   C. perfringens

Protozoal (e.g., amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidium, Cyclospora)
   Fungal
   AIDS
       AIDS enteropathy
       Bacterial infections (see previous Bacterial listing)
       Cryptosporidium
       Microsporidium
       Amebiasis
       Giardiasis
   Isospora belli

       CMV
       HSV
       Adenovirus
   Mycobacterium avium   complex
   Cryptococcus

       Histoplasma
   Candida

Stress-induced
Food allergy (rare)
Dietary indiscretion (e.g., prunes, unripe fruit, rhubarb, olestra)
Gastrointestinal disorders
   Partial bowel obstruction
   Fecal impaction
   Diverticulitis
   Appendicitis
   Ischemic bowel disease
   Initial attack of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease
Systemic/extraintestinal disorders
   Uremia
   Carcinoid syndrome
   Endocrine disorders
   Thyrotoxicosis
   Addisonian crisis
   Pelvic inflammation
Drugs/toxins (partial list)
   Laxatives (poorly absorbable sugars, fiber)
   Antibiotics
   Magnesium-containing antacids/products
   Colchicine
   Digitalis
   Iron
   Antihypertensives (methyldopa, hydralazine, and
others)
   Quinidine
   Antidepressants (e.g., Prozac, Wellbutrin)
   Cisapride
   Valproic acid
   Antiretrovirals
   Protease inhibitors
   5-Aminosalicylic acid products
   Metformin
   Interferon products
   Immunosuppressives (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
   Potassium preparations
   Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
   Lipid lowering agents
   Alcohol
   Heavy metals (especially arsenic, cadmium, mercury)
   Mushrooms
Acute exacerbation of chronic diarrhea

Chronic Diarrhea


Osmotic diarrhea
   Carbohydrate malabsorption
       Ingestion of poorly absorbable carbohydrates (sorbitol, mannitol fructose, lactulose, fiber)
       Congenital disaccharidase deficiencies
       Lactase deficiency
       Isomaltase-sucrase deficiency
       Trehalase deficiency
       Acquired disaccharidase deficiencies
          Nontropical sprue
          Tropical sprue
          Viral gastroenteritis
   Maldigestion syndromes
   Malabsorption syndromes
   Osmotic solutes
       Magnesium-containing laxatives
       Magnesium-containing antacids
       Magnesium-containing nutritional supplements
       Sodium citrate
       Sodium phosphate
       Sodium sulfate
       Polyethylene-glycol lavage solution
       Enteral feedings
   Reduced absorptive surface
       Intestinal resection
       Intestinal bypass
   Other osmotic causes
       Congenital chloridorrhea
       Postgastrectomy “dumping” syndrome
Secretory diarrhea
   Stimulant laxatives
       Bisacodyl
       Cascara
       Senna
       Ricinoleic acid
       Phenopthalein
       Docusate sodium
       Aloe
       Danthron
   Infections
   Enterotoxigenic bacteria (E. coli, cholera)
       Enteroviruses (Norwalk agent, rotavirus)
       Chronic infections (mycobacterial, fungal, parasitic)
       Bacterial overgrowth (intestinal stasis)
       AIDS (see previous Acute Diarrhea section)
   Inflammation
       Crohn's disease
       Ulcerative colitis
       Lymphocytic colitis
       Collagenous colitis
       Celiac disease
   Neoplasms
       Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma)
       Pancreatic cholera syndrome (VIPoma)
       Carcinoid syndrome
       Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
       Glucagonoma
       Sympathetic tissue tumors (ganglioneuromas)
       Villous adenoma
       Carotid body tumor
       Pheochromocytoma
       Intestinal lymphoma [especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]
   Other
       Fatty acid malabsorption
       Pancreatic insufficiency
       Bile acid malabsorption
       Postcholecystectomy bile acid–induced diarrhea
       Postvagotomy diarrhea
       Congenital absorptive defects
       Hyperthyroidism
       Collagen vascular disease
       Intestinal resection
       Hypoparathyroidism
       Addison's disease
       Food allergy
Exudative diarrhea
   Infectious causes
       Bacterial/viral infections (see previous Acute Diarrhea section)
       Amebic colitis
       Parasitic infestation
       Pseudomembranous colitis
       Diverticulitis
   Idiopathic and other colitides
       Ulcerative colitis
       Crohn's disease
       Radiation enterocolitis
       Ischemic colitis
       Chemotherapy-induced mucositis
       Graft-versus-host disease
   Abnormal motility
       Idiopathic chronic diarrhea
       Irritable bowel syndrome
       Neoplasm (obstruction)
       Postvagotomy
       Postsurgical (e.g., gastrectomy, pyloroplasty)
       Gastroileal or gastrocolonic fistula
       Decreased rectal compliance
       Scleroderma
       Diabetic diarrhea
       Amyloidosis
   Other causes/unknown/multifactorial
       Portal hypertension
       Drugs (see previous Acute Diarrhea section)
       Alcohol
       Partial bowel obstruction
       Heavy metal poisoning
       Fecal incontinence (masquerading as diarrhea)
       Uremia
       Cirrhosis
       Pernicious anemia
       Pellagra
       Immunoglobulin deficiencies
       Chronic opiate abuse
       Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
       Systemic mastocytosis
       Protein-losing enteropathy
       Long-distance running

References


1. Fine KD: Diarrhea, pp. 128–152. See Bibliography, 1.
2. Ammon HV: Diarrhea, p. 87–101. See Bibliography, 2.

Book Source Details

  • Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
  • Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
  • Year of Publication: 1999
  • Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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  • Constipation
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  • "Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition)" (2006)
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  • Constipation
  • "The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter" (2000)
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  • Diarrhea
  • "The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter" (2000)
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  • Urinary Incontinence
  • "The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter" (2000)
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  • Diarrhea
  • "Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series" (2007)
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  • Constipation
  • "Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses" (2007)
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  • "Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses" (2007)
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  • "The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics" (2006)
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  • "The Diagnostic Approach to Symptoms and Signs in Pediatrics" (2006)
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  • "Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms" (2007)
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Copyright notice for book excerpts: Copyright © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.



More About This Book:
Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Copyright: 1999
ISBN: 0-78171-943-7

 » Next page: Constipation (Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))

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