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Is there galactorrhea? Of course, the most common cause of galactorrhea would be the galactorrhea following pregnancy and delivery. However, if there is galactorrhea, one should consider the possibility that the patient is taking drugs, including ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there abnormalities on pelvic examination? Abnormalities found on the pelvic examination are cervicitis, stenosis of the cervix, fibroids, retroverted uterus, tubo-ovarian abscesses, and polycystic ovaries.
Are there abnormal secondary sex ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Are there abnormalities on examination of the external genitalia and prostate? Abnormalities that need to be looked for are Klinefelter's syndrome, epididymitis, testicular atrophy, urethritis, and prostatitis ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Amenorrhea (absence of menses) can be transient, intermittent, or permanent. It may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus, or vagina. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche by age 16; secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses in women previously... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for 6 months in a woman with previously regular menstrual cycles, or 12 months in a woman whose periods had been irregular.
Differential Diagnosis
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Menarche occurs at an average age of 12.7 years in the U.S. Primary amenorrhea occurs when menarche remains absent at age 16, or if 5 years have passed since the onset of puberty and menarche has not begun.
Differential Diagnosis
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Combining the anatomy of the female genital tract with the endocrine system will key in on the major sources of absent or diminished menstrual flow. It is perhaps best to begin at the bottom and work upward to the head.
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... Fertility depends on a healthy sperm reaching a freshly laid egg and impregnating it, and the fertilized egg digging into a healthy endometrium and being maintained in a healthy state until term. By visualizing the path the sperm must follow to reach
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age, but later ceases for 3... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Hypothalamic and Pituitary Causes
Androgen excess
Chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors
Chronic debilitating diseases (e.g., liver disease, uremia, regional ileitis)
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... Amenorrhea is the abnormal absence or suppression of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche in an adolescent (by age 18). Secondary amenorrhea is the failure of menstruation for at least 3 months after normal onset of menarche.
Causes ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Primary infertility is the inability to conceive after regular intercourse for at least 1 year without contraception. Secondary infertility occurs in couples who have previously been pregnant at least once, but are unable to achieve another pregnancy... Causes and incidence ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Male infertility may be suspected whenever a couple fails to achieve pregnancy after about 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse.
Causes and incidence
Some factors associated with male infertility include: ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. In primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. In secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... L. Allen Dobson, Jr.
Pregnancy is the most common cause of amenorrhea. Evaluation and diagnosis of the other causes of amenorrhea are possible by use of a simple workup scheme (section V).
Approach Cyclic... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Pregnancy
❑ Menopause
❑ Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
❑ Drugs
❑ Anorexia nervosa ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Female Factors
❑ Anovulation
❑ Tubal obstruction
❑ Endometriosis
❑ Polycystic ovary disease ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Infertility affects 10% to 15% of all couples in the United States. About 40% of all infertility is attributed to the female. (See also “Infertility, male,” page 446.) After extensive investigation and treatment, about 50% of these... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Male infertility may be suspected whenever a couple fails to achieve pregnancy after about 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse. Between 40% and 50% of infertility problems in the United States are totally or partially attributed to the male. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age, but later ceases for 3 or more months... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Combining the anatomy of the female genital tract with the
endocrine system will key in on the major sources of absent or diminished
menstrual flow. It is perhaps best to begin at the bottom and work upward to
the head.
... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Fertility depends on a healthy sperm reaching a freshly laid egg and
impregnating it, and the fertilized egg digging into a healthy endometrium
and being maintained in a healthy state until term. By visualizing the path
the sperm must follow to reach the egg, one... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Author:
Nailah Coleman, MD
What to Do - Gather Appropriate Data
In the athletic world, as in other parts of general society, there are certain
sports (e.g., cheerleading, figure skating, and rowing) where a slim build is ... Suggested Readings
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In rare cases of male infertility, a man may be unable to produce or ejaculate any sperm at all. Though this state of affairs may seem bleak, many...
Affecting over three million American women, difficulty becoming pregnant after having a child can come as a surprise. This so-called secondary...
The first step in effective treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis is correct diagnosis to rule out bacterial vaginitis and establish species of...
Appropriate treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis depends on a variety of factors including severity of symptoms, species of yeast and patient...