Prevalence and Incidence of Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome: Rare Disease
Fetal alcohol syndrome is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Fetal alcohol syndrome, or a subtype of Fetal alcohol syndrome,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Ophanet, who are a consortium of European partners,
currently defines a condition rare when if affects 1 person per 2,000.
They list Fetal alcohol syndrome as a "rare disease".
More information about Fetal alcohol syndrome is available from Orphanet
Fetal alcohol syndrome Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Incidence (annual) of Fetal alcohol syndrome:
0.9 per 10,000 births (Caucasians); Asians 0.3, Hispanics 0.8, African Americans 6.0, and Native Americans 29.9 (NWHIC). ... see also overview of Fetal alcohol syndrome.
Incidence Rate:
approx 1 in 755,555 or 0.00% or 359 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "0.9 per 10,000 births (Caucasians); Asians 0.3, Hispanics 0.8, African Americans 6.0, and Native Americans 29.9 (NWHIC)." -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence extrapolations for USA for Fetal alcohol syndrome:
359 per year,
29 per month,
6 per week,
0 per day,
0 per hour,
0 per minute,
0 per second.
[Source statistic for calculation: "0.9 per 10,000 births (Caucasians); Asians 0.3, Hispanics 0.8, African Americans 6.0, and Native Americans 29.9 (NWHIC)." -- see also general information about data sources]
Incidence statistics for Fetal alcohol syndrome:
The following statistics relate to the incidence of Fetal alcohol syndrome:
- Affects 3-22 live births of every 10,000 in the US (Mayo Clinic)
- Estimated 1 child born with FAS every day in Canada (Health Canada)
- more statistics...»
Prevalence/Incidence of Fetal alcohol syndrome: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Fetal alcohol syndrome.
Alcohol-related disorder:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Numerous biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors appear to be involved in alcohol addiction. An offspring of one parent with alcohol-related disorder is seven to eight times more likely to become an alcoholic than is a peer without such a parent. Biological factors may include genetic or biochemical abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, endocrine imbalances, and allergic responses.
Psychological factors may include the urge to drink alcohol to reduce anxiety or symptoms of mental illness; the desire to avoid responsibility in familial, social, and work relationships; and the need to bolster self-esteem.
Sociocultural factors include the availability of alcoholic beverages, group or peer pressure, an excessively stressful lifestyle, and social attitudes that approve of frequent drinking.
More than 15% of American adults have a problem with alcohol use, and about 5% to 10% of male and 3% to 5% of female drinkers are alcohol dependent, accounting for about 12.5 million people. Alcohol-related disorder cuts across all social and economic groups, involves both sexes, and occurs at all stages of the life cycle, beginning as early as elementary school.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Cesarean birth:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The most common reasons for cesarean birth are malpresentation (such as shoulder or face presentation), fetal intolerance of labor distress, cephalopelvic disproportion ([CPD] the pelvis is too small to accommodate the fetal head), certain cases of toxemia, previous cesarean birth, and inadequate progress in labor (failure of induction).
Conditions causing fetal distress that indicate a need for cesarean birth include prolapsed cord with a live fetus, fetal hypoxia, abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, unfavorable intrauterine environment (from infection), and moderate to severe Rh isoimmunization. Less common maternal conditions that may necessitate cesarean birth include complete placenta previa, abruptio placentae, placenta accreta, malignant tumors, and chronic diseases in which delivery is indicated before term.
Cesarean birth may also be necessary if induction is contraindicated or difficult or if advanced labor increases the risk of morbidity and mortality.
In the case of a previous cesarean delivery, some physicians allow a subsequent vaginal delivery if the cesarean wasn’t classic or if the original reason for the cesarean no longer exists. However, vaginal delivery risks uterine rupture if the uterus is scarred.
The rising incidence of cesarean birth coincides with recent medical and technologic advances in fetal and placental surveillance and care. In the United States, 9% to 16% of all pregnancies terminate in cesarean births, rising to 17% to 25% in perinatal centers that handle high-risk deliveries.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Cholelithiasis and related disorders:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Cholelithiasis, stones or calculi (gallstones) in the gallbladder, results from changes in bile components. Gallstones are made of cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, or a mixture of cholesterol and bilirubin pigment. They arise during periods of sluggishness in the gallbladder due to pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, diabetes mellitus, celiac disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and pancreatitis. Cholelithiasis is a common health problem, affecting about 1 out of every 1,000 people. The prognosis is usually good with treatment unless infection occurs, in which case the prognosis depends on its severity and response to antibiotics.
One out of every 10 patients with gallstones develops choledocholithiasis, or gallstones in the common bile duct (sometimes called “common duct stones”). This occurs when stones passed out of the gallbladder lodge in the hepatic and common bile ducts and obstruct the flow of bile into the duodenum. Prognosis is good unless infection occurs.
Cholangitis, infection of the bile duct, is commonly associated with choledocholithiasis and may follow percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography or occlusion of endoscopic stents. Predisposing factors may include bacterial or metabolic alteration of bile acids. Widespread inflammation may cause fibrosis and stenosis of the common bile duct. The prognosis for this rare condition is poor without stenting or surgery.
Cholecystitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, is usually associated with a gallstone impacted in the cystic duct, causing painful distention of the gallbladder. Cholecystitis accounts for 10% to 25% of all patients requiring gallbladder surgery. The acute form is most common during middle age; the chronic form usually occurs among elderly patients. The prognosis is good with treatment.
Cholesterolosis, polyps or crystal deposits of cholesterol in the gallbladder’s submucosa, may result from bile secretions containing high concentrations of cholesterol and insufficient bile salts. The polyps may be localized or speckle the entire gallbladder. Cholesterolosis, the most common pseudotumor, isn’t related to widespread inflammation of the mucosa or lining of the gallbladder. The prognosis is good with surgery.
Biliary cirrhosis, ascending infection of the biliary system, sometimes follows viral destruction of liver and duct cells, but the primary cause is unknown. This condition usually leads to obstructive jaundice and involves the portal and periportal spaces of the liver. It’s nine times more common among women ages 40 to 60 than among men. The prognosis is poor without liver transplantation.
Gallstone ileus results from a gallstone lodging at the terminal ileum; it’s more common in the elderly. The prognosis is good with surgery.
Postcholecystectomy syndrome commonly results from residual gallstones or stricture of the common bile duct. It occurs in 1% to 5% of all patients whose gallbladders have been surgically removed and may produce right upper quadrant abdominal pain, biliary colic, fatty food intolerance, dyspepsia, and indigestion. The prognosis is good with selected radiologic procedures, endoscopic procedures, or surgery.
Acalculous cholecystitis is more common in critically ill patients, accounting for about 5% of cholecystitis cases. It may result from primary infection with such organisms as Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, or Clostridium or from obstruction of the cystic duct due to lymphadenopathy or a tumor. It appears that ischemia, usually related to a low cardiac output, also has a role in the pathophysiology of this disease. Signs and symptoms of acalculous cholecystitis include unexplained sepsis, right upper quadrant pain, fever, leukocytosis, and a palpable gallbladder.
Each of these disorders produces its own set of complications. Cholelithiasis may lead to any of the disorders associated with gallstone formation: cholangitis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and gallstone ileus. Cholecystitis can progress to gallbladder complications, such as empyema, hydrops or mucocele, or gangrene. Gangrene may lead to perforation, resulting in peritonitis, fistula formation, pancreatitis, limy bile, and porcelain gallbladder. Other complications include chronic cholecystitis and cholangitis.
Choledocholithiasis may lead to cholangitis, obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis, and secondary biliary cirrhosis. Cholangitis, especially in the suppurative form, may progress to septic shock and death. Gallstone ileus may cause bowel obstruction, which can lead to intestinal perforation, peritonitis, septicemia, secondary infection, and septic shock.
In most cases, gallbladder and bile duct diseases occur in people who are older than age 40 and are more prevalent in women and Native Americans.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - incidence
Incidence of complete FAS ranges from 0.3–1.5 per 1,000 live births. Including all FASD diagnoses increases this to 5–9 per 1,000. Higher rates are found among selected subgroups (e.g., African Americans and Native Americans).
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Toxic Alcohols:
Toxic Alcohols - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Exposure to toxic alcohols is common, mild morbidity occurs regularly.
- Severe morbidity or death is occurs without treatment, but is uncommon in treated patients.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Fetal alcohol syndrome usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Fetal alcohol syndrome at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Fetal alcohol syndrome refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Fetal alcohol syndrome diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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