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Diseases » Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome » Causes

Causes of Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome

Contents

Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome Causes: Book Excerpts

Related information on causes of Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome:

As with all medical conditions, there may be many causal factors. Further relevant information on causes of Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome may be found in:

Hidden causes of Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome

Causes of Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome: Online Medical Books

16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE! Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration, for more information about the causes of Franek-Bocker-Kahlen syndrome.

Hypernatremia: Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)

Increased water loss
–GI losses (diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal fistula)
–Drugs (e.g., diuretics, alcohol, amphotericin B, phenytoin, propoxyphene, lithium, demeclocycline)
–Sweating
–Burns
–Fever
–Hyperventilation
–Diabetes insipidus (central versus nephrogenic)
–Severe burns
–Alcohol use
–Hyperglycemia (resulting in osmotic diuresis)
–Diuresis phase of acute renal failure
–Peritoneal dialysis
–Thyrotoxicosis
–Hyperthermia
–Adrenal or renal failure
Decreased water intake
–Poor oral intake (e.g., in the elderly)
–Inability to swallow water due to physical limitation (e.g., coma, access/mobility problems, swallowing problems)
–Inability to recognize the need for water due to a hypothalamic lesion (e.g., CVA)
–Impaired thirst
–Inappropriate IV fluids (e.g., renal failure)
–Tube feeding with inadequate free water

Excessive sodium intake
–Endocrine causes: Cushing's syndrome, ectopic ACTH, primary aldosteronism
–Iatrogenic (e.g., inappropriately administered hypertonic saline, administration of sodium bicarbonate)
–Sea water ingestion/drowning

Renal salt retention
–Mineralocorticoid excess (Conn's
syndrome)
–Cushing's syndrome
–Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
–Multiple myeloma
–Sjögren's syndrome

Essential hypernatremia (reset osmostat)

» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »

Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004

Hypernatremia: Differential Diagnosis
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)

Dehydration
–GI losses, especially watery diarrhea or profuse vomiting (very common)
–Impaired oral intake and inability to respond to normal thirst mechanisms (e.g., young infants, altered mental status, or iatrogenic administration of IV fluids)

Central diabetes insipidus (DI)
–Decreased or absent production of ADH
–Idiopathic
–Head trauma
–Suprasellar or infrasellar tumors
–Langerhans cell histiocytosis
–Granulomatous disease (including tuberculosis, Wegener granulomatosis and sarcoidosis)
–Infection
–Cerebral hemorrhage
- Severe skin or other insensible losses
  –Excessive sweating
  –Persistent rapid breathing
  –Burns
- Increased total body sodium (rare in children)
  –Salt intoxication from
        –Sodium chloride tablets
        –IV NaCl or NaHCO₃
        –Breast milk after significant maternal sodium load
        –Concentrated formula
  –Primary hyperaldosteronism