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Was the test used specific for glucose? Glucose oxidase tests (Clinistix, etc.) are specific for glucose, whereas other tests (Benedict's, etc.) are not. Thus, the latter will give false positives for lactose, fructose, galactose, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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What is the free T
4
? If this is elevated, think of hyperthyroidism.
What is the plasma cortisol? If this is elevated, think of Cushing's syndrome.
What is the plasma growth hormone? ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of drug ingestion? Diuretics and arsenic poisoning are among the many causes of excessive thirst.
Is there associated polyphagia and weight loss? The presence of these symptoms would suggest diabetes mellitus and ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Normal fasting glucose is <110 mg/dL, impaired fasting glucose is 111–125 mg/dL, and diabetes mellitus is defined as a fasting glucose >126 mg/dL. Several values above normal are indicated before making a diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose or diabetes.
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder of childhood, affecting about 2/1,000 school-age children in the U.S. The absolute or relative lack of insulin results in an abnormal metabolic state, including hyperglycemia. Children with diabetes are at risk for the acute... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Polydipsia is fluid drinking in excess of 2 L/m2/day. In normal older children, water intake must surpass 10 L/m2/day to cause hyponatremia. In... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The finding of glycosuria should prompt one to consider first the conditions that are associated with faulty regulation of the blood sugar and sugar metabolism. First and foremost on that list is diabetes mellitus. However, the differential must include many other endocrine
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... To form a list of diagnostic possibilities in a case of hyperglycemia, one needs only to think of the endocrine glands. Considering the pancreas should prompt the recall of diabetes mellitus and glucogonomas. Considering the adrenal gland would
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... Excessive thirst is best analyzed by the application of physiology. Increased desire for water may be due to a decreased intake, as in prolonged abstinence, vomiting of pyloric stenosis and intestinal obstruction, and diarrhea of any cause. Poor transport of fluid in
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... Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom associated with endocrine disorders and certain drugs. It may reflect decreased fluid intake, increased urine output, or excessive loss of water and salt.
History and physical examination
Obtain a... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Nephrogenic
(see Polyuria)
Central
Gestational diabetes insipidus (vasopressinase production)
Iatrogenic
Surgery
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... Inadequate dietary preparation for glucose tolerance test
Impaired glucose tolerance
Gestational diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (B-cell destruction, usually leading to
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... Intraabdominal Disorders
Common bile duct obstruction, stones
Acute cholecystitis
Biliary endoscopy (endoscopic retrograde cannulation of pancreatic duct)
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... Diabetes insipidus (also called pituitary diabetes insipidus) is a disorder of water metabolism resulting from a deficiency of circulating vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone [ADH]). It’s characterized by excessive... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency or resistance characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. A leading cause of death by disease in the United States, this... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pregnancy places special demands on carbohydrate metabolism and causes the insulin requirement to increase, even in a healthy female. Consequently, pregnancy may lead to a prediabetic state, to the conversion of an asymptomatic subclinical diabetic state to a... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Signs and Symptoms Acetone breath, Kussmaul’s respirations, dehydration, weak and thready pulse, nausea, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, dry mucous membranes, serum glucose level of 300 to 1,500 mg/dl
Treatment (Tx)
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... Hereditary fructose intolerance is an inability to metabolize fructose. After fructose is eliminated from the diet, symptoms subside within weeks. Older children and adults with hereditary fructose intolerance have normal intelligence and... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Adolescent pregnancy can pose a major health risk to both the mother and the child because up to 70% of adolescents who become pregnant don’t receive adequate prenatal care. Pregnant adolescents develop special problems and are known to have a significantly... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Cardiovascular disease ranks fourth (after infection, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and hemorrhage) among the leading causes of maternal death. The physiologic stress of pregnancy and delivery is often more than a compromised heart can tolerate and often leads to maternal and... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom associated with endocrine disorders and certain drugs. It may reflect decreased fluid intake, increased urine output, or excessive loss of water and salt.
History and physical examination
... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... Michael Ostapchuk and Michael B. Foster
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (1). There are two types of DM: type 1 and type 2. Approximately 7.8... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Soraya Nasraty
Polydipsia is a symptom that can be attributed to medical or psychogenic causes and has a prevalence of 3% to 39% among chronic psychiatric inpatients (1). It is a common symptom in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) (Chapter 14.1)... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... A disorder of water metabolism, diabetes insipidus results from a deficiency of circulating vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone) or from renal resistance to this hormone. Pituitary diabetes insipidus is caused by deficiency of vasopressin, whereas... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A chronic disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency or resistance, diabetes mellitus is characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
This condition occurs in two forms: type 1, characterized by... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Pregnancy places special demands on carbohydrate metabolism and causes the insulin requirement to increase, even in a healthy woman. Consequently, pregnancy may lead to a prediabetic state, to the conversion of an asymptomatic subclinical diabetic state to... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Cardiovascular disease ranks fourth (after infection, toxemia, and hemorrhage) among the leading causes of maternal death. The physiologic stress of pregnancy and delivery is sometimes more than a compromised heart can tolerate and commonly leads to maternal and fetal death. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom associated with endocrine disorders and certain drugs. It may reflect decreased fluid intake, increased urine output, or excessive loss of water and salt.
History
Obtain a history. Find out... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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...Polyuria (excessive urine volume) is usuallyassociated with polydipsia (excessive thirst). Principal Causes of Polyuria and Polydipsia Diabetesmellitus Diabetes insipidus Antidiuretichormone deficiency (central diabetes ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom associated with endocrine disorders and certain drugs. It may reflect decreased fluid intake, increased urine output, or excessive loss of water and salt.
History and physical examination
Obtain a... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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...
The finding of glycosuria should prompt one to consider first the
conditions that are associated with faulty regulation of the blood
sugar and sugar metabolism. First and foremost on that list is diabetes
mellitus.... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
To form a list of diagnostic possibilities in a case of hyperglycemia,
one needs only to think of the endocrine glands. Considering the pancreas
should prompt the recall of diabetes mellitus and glucagonomas. Considering
the adrenal gland would prompt the recall of... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Excessive thirst is best analyzed by the application of
physiology. Increased desire for water may be due to a
decreased intake, as in prolonged abstinence, vomiting of pyloric
stenosis and intestinal obstruction, and diarrhea of any cause. Poor ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... David R. Langdon, MD Diabetes Mellitus - BASICS Diabetes Mellitus - description Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder of absolute or relative insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia and disrupts energy storage and metabolism. Severe insulin... Diabetes Mellitus - DIAGNOSIS ... Diabetes Mellitus - TREATMENT ... Diabetes Mellitus - FOLLOW UP ... Diabetes Mellitus - bibliography ... Diabetes Mellitus - ADDITIONAL READING ... Diabetes Mellitus - CODES ... Diabetes Mellitus - PATIENT TEACHING-MED ... Diabetes Mellitus - FAQ
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Diabetes is no reason to stop chasing Olympic gold. Meet Chris Jarvis, an elite Canadian rower, who continues to aggressively train despite having...
Studies show nearly 3 out of every 4 women will experience a yeast infection at least once in their life. For women with diabetes, however, the risk...
Managing asthma in pregnancy requires special expertise. Listen to expert advice on how a woman should work with her doctors to make sure her asthma...
Controlling asthma during pregnancy is extremely important, for the health of both mother and baby. Listen to experts explain what can happen if a...