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Is there a history of drug ingestion? Digitalis, phenothiazine, amphetamine, marijuana, and many other drugs may cause gynecomastia.
Is there a testicular mass? Leydig's cell and Sertoli's cell tumors of the testicle may cause ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the discharge unilateral or bilateral? If it is unilateral and watery or bloody, one should look for a neoplasm in the breast. If it is bilateral and milky, one should look for the various conditions that cause ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Breast pain (or mastalgia) is a common complaint that can often be diagnosed by a careful history and physical examination. Pain and tenderness may be normal during early pregnancy and before menses. Breast discharge, however, is rarely normal... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Gynecomastia is benign breast tissue enlargement in males, affecting up to two-thirds of boys in adolescence. The majority of cases are secondary to normal developmental changes involving a transient imbalance of the estrogen/testosterone ratio. Peak for pubertal cases... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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It is important to know the standards of anterior fontanelle for age. All newborn infants have a palpable anterior fontanelle (usually closes between 7 and 19 months, average 13 months). Some also have a posterior fontanelle that usually closes by 3... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Because gynecomastia is produced by a hormonal disturbance, the many causes of this disorder can be recalled by using the physiologic model of intake, production, transport, regulation, destruction, or excretion.
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... A purulent discharge from the breast, just like a purulent discharge from any other body orifice, should signify inflammation (mastitis or breast abscess), yet this is not the most common cause of a nonbloody discharge from the breast. Obviously, the most common cause is lactation.
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... Occurring only in males, gynecomastia refers to increased breast size due to excessive mammary gland development. This change in breast size may be barely palpable or immediately obvious. Usually bilateral, gynecomastia may be associated with breast... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or tumor... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Acromegaly
Chest wall trauma (including hip spica cast)
Drugs
Amiodarone
Amphetamines
... References
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... Mastitis (parenchymatous inflammation of the mammary glands) and breast engorgement (congestion) are disorders that may affect lactating females. The prognosis for both disorders is good.
Causes and incidence
... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Occurring only in males, gynecomastia refers to increased breast size due to excessive mammary gland development. This change in breast size may be barely palpable or immediately obvious. Usually bilateral, gynecomastia may be associated with breast tenderness and milk... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Specialconsiderations ... Pediatric pointers
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or tumor formation in the ductal system,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Charles M. Kodner
Gynecomastia is the palpable enlargement of the breast tissue in men. Presentation occurs in three peak age groups, corresponding to the common physiologic causes of breast enlargement. After the... Approach ... History ... Physical examination (PE) ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Adolescence
❑ Drugs
❑ Obesity
❑ Cirrhosis
❑ Chronic renal failure
❑... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Breast Mass
❑ Fibrocystic disease
❑ Fibroadenoma
❑ Breast cancer
❑ Intraductal papilloma ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Occurring only in males, gynecomastia refers to increased breast size due to excessive mammary gland development. Usually bilateral, gynecomastia may be associated with breast tenderness and milk secretion.
Normally, several... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Specialconsiderations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule (also known as a breast lump) has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts, hypertrophy or... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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...Abnormal breast enlargement can occur atany age in girls and boys. Principal Causes of Breast Enlargement Infectious Cellulitis/abscess Noninfectious Infancy Physiologic hypertrophy Childhood ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...The presence or absence of testicular painis useful in the diagnostic approach to the problem of scrotal enlargement. Principal Causes of Scrotal Enlargement Painfulscrotal enlargement Testicular Torsion of the testis ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... Occurring only in males, gynecomastia refers to increased breast size due to excessive mammary gland development. This change in breast size may be barely palpable or immediately obvious. Usually bilateral, gynecomastia may be associated with breast tenderness and milk secretion.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... A commonly reported gynecologic sign, a breast nodule has two chief causes: benign breast disease and cancer. Benign breast disease, the leading cause of nodules, can stem from cyst formation in obstructed and dilated lactiferous ducts,... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
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A purulent discharge from the breast, just like a purulent discharge
from any other body orifice, should signify inflammation (mastitis or breast
abscess), yet this is not the most common cause of a nonbloody discharge
from the breast.... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Because gynecomastia is produced by a hormonal disturbance, the many
causes of this disorder can be recalled by using the physiologic model of
intake, production, transport, regulation, destruction, or
excretion.
Intake.... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Julie A. Boom, MD Gynecomastia - BASICS Gynecomastia - description Any visible or palpable proliferation of breast glandular tissue, unilateral or bilateral, owing to an increase in estrogen action in relation to androgen... Gynecomastia - DIAGNOSIS ... Gynecomastia - TREATMENT ... Gynecomastia - FOLLOW UP ... Gynecomastia - bibliography ... Gynecomastia - CODES ... Gynecomastia - FAQ
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Anthracyclines are becoming an increasingly important part of adjuvant therapy for breast cancer, with new data demonstrating its significant...
Anthracycline-based therapy is often recommended following surgery for breast cancer to reduce the risk of recurrence. This strategy has proved...
Certain breast cancers mean different things. Learn what tests can determine the type of breast cancer you have, and how this information can affect...
There are many options for treating breast cancer, including surgery, hormonal treatments, radiation and chemotherapy. All of these treatments have...