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Studies have suggested that the disorder has biological (including genetic) and psychosocial components. Roughly 30% to 50% of clinical populations with conduct disorder also have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Social risk factors that may predispose a child to conduct disorder include socioeconomic deprivation; harsh, punitive parenting with verbal or physical aggression; separation from parents; early institutionalization; family neglect, abuse, or violence; frequent verbal abuse from parents, teachers, or other authority figures; parental psychiatric illness, substance abuse, or marital discord; large family size, crowding, and poverty; and divorce with persistent hostility between the parents. Other risk factors include child abuse and neglect, neurologic damage caused by low birth weight or birth complications, underarousal of the autonomic nervous system, learning impairments, insensitivity to physical pain and punishment, and impaired functioning of the nonadrenergic system.
The prevalence of conduct disorder among people ages 9 to 17 is approximately 1% to 4%. An estimated 6% to 16% of boys and 2% to 9% of girls younger than age 18 have the disorder. The prognosis is worse in children with an earlier onset; these children are more likely to develop antisocial personality disorder as adults.
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
The term 'prevalence' of Heart block usually refers to the estimated population of people who are managing Heart block at any given time. The term 'incidence' of Heart block refers to the annual diagnosis rate, or the number of new cases of Heart block diagnosed each year. Hence, these two statistics types can differ: a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence, but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence. For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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