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Are there exudates? This is a key question when evaluating a sore throat. Most cases of sore throat with exudates will be found to have streptococcal pharyngitis. Without exudates, one could still have a streptococcal sore throat, but it ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of drug ingestion or injection? This will help diagnose drug reactions and serum sickness, which are common and easily discovered in the history. Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of drug ingestion or injection? Of course, the history should reveal that the patient has been on a certain drug or has received certain antitoxins, serums, or vaccines.
Is ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Fever is defined as an elevation of normal body temperature (37°C, or 98.6°F). True fever occurs when the body adopts a new thermoregulatory “set point” secondary to the release of pyrogenic cytokines in response to bacteria, viruses, or other exogenous sources (e.g.,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Sore throat is a common symptom. Many patients incorrectly believe that antibiotics improve the clinical course in all sore throats. Although the vast majority of sore throats are of viral origin and should be managed conservatively, an appropriate history and... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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The etiologies of rash with fever are vast, but a systematic approach will help the clinician quickly narrow the differential. Patients who appear “toxic” with fever and prostration must be rapidly and thoroughly evaluated to rule out life-threatening infections and illnesses.... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Most sore throats and coughs are due to infection. Children may have 5–8 upper respiratory infections per year. The primary differential is between viral and bacterial etiologies, especially group A β-hemolytic streptococcus.
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Cyclic or periodic fever is an unexplained fever that recurs after fever-free periods at almost predictably fixed intervals. True cyclic fever is rather uncommon in childhood; it should be differentiated from recurrent fever, which refers to fever prone to relapse at... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Recurrent or relapsing fever is a cluster of febrile episodes that occur over a period of time, with documented fever-free intervals and without an apparent medical cause for each episode. It should be differentiated from cyclic fever, which refers to febrile episodes with periodicity,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a term that is often misused to describe febrile illness without an obvious etiology or without other symptoms. The definition in different studies is arbitrary, but basically refers to at least 2 weeks of daily documented... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Fever is an elevation of body temperature over the normal daily range for a specific individual in response to different insults. It occurs when the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus is reset to higher temperature because of exogenous and endogenous pyrogens. It... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The differential diagnosis of fever is best developed using physiology first and anatomy second.
FEVER, NONINFECTIOUS CAUSES
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... Breaking down the orophraynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of sore throat. What is useful is to use the mnemonic VINDICATE to establish the etiologies. Further analyzing
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...Pyrexia
A fever is a common sign that can arise from many disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, a fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... Infection
Bacterial
Bacterial endocarditis
Sinusitis
Osteomyelitis
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... Infections
Bacterial
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Salmonella spp.
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
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... Haemophilus influenzae causes diseases in many organ systems but usually attacks the respiratory system. It's a common cause of epiglottitis, laryngotracheobronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, otitis media, and meningitis. Less... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Colorado tick fever is a benign infection caused by the Colorado tick fever arbo-virus and transmitted to humans by a tick. It occurs in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, mostly in April and May at lower altitudes and in June and... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Lassa fever is an epidemic hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, an extremely virulent arenavirus. This highly fatal disorder kills 10% to 50% of its victims, but those who survive its early stages usually recover and acquire immunity to secondary... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... An acute infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, relapsing fever (also called tick, fowl-nest, cabin, or vagabond fever or bilious typhoid) is transmitted to humans by lice or ticks and is characterized by... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood, in many cases recurrent, that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever and includes pancarditis (myocarditis,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a febrile, rash-producing illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. The disease is transmitted to humans by a tick bite.
RMSF is fatal in about 5% of patients. Mortality rises... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Influenza (also called the grippe or the flu), an acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, results from three different types of Myxovirus influenzae. It occurs sporadically or in epidemics (usually during... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Fever is a common sign that can arise from numerous disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an emergency.
... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Lyle J. Fagnan
Fever is a physiologic state in which the body temperature is elevated above the individual’s normal temperature. Patients and clinicians consider fever an important sign of illness.
Approach to the febrile patient. The... History ... Physical examination ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment. ... Pictures
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... Michael L. O’Dell
Fever with an accompanying rash represents a diagnostic challenge for even the most experienced of clinicians, as this combination of signs can represent trivial or life-threatening illnesses.
... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Rhinovirus
❑ Group A streptococci
❑ Ebstein-Barr virus
❑ Adenovirus
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
Infection
❑ HIV
❑ Tuberculosis
❑ Endocarditis
❑ Osteomyelitis
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... Haemophilus influenzae is a common cause of epiglottiditis, laryngotracheobronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, otitis media, and meningitis. Less commonly, it causes bacterial endocarditis, conjunctivitis, facial cellulitis, septic arthritis, and... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Often recurrent, acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever, including pancarditis ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Also called the grippe or the flu, influenza is an acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract that results from three types of Myxovirus influenzae. It occurs sporadically or in epidemics (usually during the... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Fever is a common sign that can arise from any one of several disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever,... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Fever, or pyrexia, is a common sign that can arise from any one of several disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though,... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Occurs whenpathologic process causes body temperature to exceed normal range. DuBois suggested that usual range ofnormal body temperature is 97–100.4°F (36.2–38.0°C)rectal or 96.8–99.3°F (36.0–37.4°C)oral. Rectal temperature tends to... Principal Causes of Acute Fever ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Acute Fever ... Diagnostic Approach: Acute Fever ... Principal Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Fever of Unknown Origin ... Diagnostic Approach: Fever of Unknown Origin ... References
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...Sore throat refers to any painful sensationof the pharynx or surrounding tissues and is a common complaintin childhood and adolescence. Principal Causes of Sore Throat Infection Pharyngitis/tonsillitis Viral Bacterial ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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... A fever is a common sign that can arise from many disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, a fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an emergency.
A fever can... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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The differential diagnosis of fever is best developed using
physiology first and anatomy second.
Physiology. Increased heat in the body is caused by increased
production or decreased elimination or dysfunction of the... Pictures
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Breaking down the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic
components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of
sore throat. What is useful is to use the mnemonic VINDICATE to
establish the etiologies. Further analyzing the... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Kristen A. Feemster, MD, MPHJoel A. Fein, MD, MPH Influenza - BASICS Influenza - description An acute febrile illness characterized by fever and respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms Influenza - general prevention ... Influenza - DIAGNOSIS ... Influenza - TREATMENT ... Influenza - FOLLOW UP ... Influenza - bibliography ... Influenza - CODES ... Influenza - FAQ
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It's inevitable that at some point in your child's life he or she will suffer vomiting and diarrhea. Most often they are nothing to get...
Each year you hear about small outbreaks of meningitis. It is highly contagious and sometimes fatal. Learn why the classic symptoms of a high fever...
Sexual contact can sometimes result in problems. An unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases may be some of those consequences. But by...
Sleep is necessary to feel refreshed, but now we know sleep actually impacts the way the body functions. Sleeping poorly can affect how often you get...