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Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia: Excerpt from A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis

Hemoconcentration (increased serum albumin)*
Hyperparathyroidism
   Primary
       Parathyroid adenoma
       Parathyroid hyperplasia
       Parathyroid carcinoma
       Multiple endocrine adenomatosis
   Secondary (e.g., chronic renal failure)
   Ectopic
Malignancy
   Bony metastases
   Humoral factors (e.g., parathyroid hormone–related peptide, osteoclast-activating cytokines)
   Calcium-binding globulin (multiple myeloma)*
Medications
   Thiazides
   Lithium
   Theophylline
Immobilization [in association with rapid bone turnover states (e.g., adolescence or Paget's disease)]
Milk-alkali syndrome
Vitamin D intoxication
Vitamin A intoxication
Granulomatous disease (especially sarcoidosis, tuberculosis)
Hypophosphatemia
Recovery from rhabdomyolysis-induced acute renal failure
Hyperthyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Acromegaly
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, other congenital causes

References

1. Popovtzer MM, Knochel JP, Kumar R: Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Activity, p. 241. See Bibliography, 4.

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*Normal serum ionized calcium.

Book Source Details

• Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
• Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
• Year of Publication: 1999
• Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Copyright notice for book excerpts: Copyright © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.

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More About This Book: Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis Authors: Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright: 1999 ISBN: 0-78171-943-7

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