Diagnostic Tests for Hyperopia
Hyperopia Tests: Book Excerpts
Home Diagnostic Testing
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Hyperopia Diagnosis: Book Excerpts
Diagnostic Tests for Hyperopia: Online Medical Books
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SCOTOMA:
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
(Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)
This should include a careful eye examination with slit lamp, tonometry, and visual field examinations. If the initial findings suggest an ocular disorder, referral to an ophthalmologist should be made. If the neurologic examination is abnormal, the patient should be referred to a neurologist, rather than ordering expensive tests such as a CT scan, MRI scan, VEP studies, angiography, and spinal fluid examinations.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs, 2003
Scotoma:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
First, identify and characterize the scotoma, using such visual field tests as the tangent screen examination, the Goldmann perimeter test, and the automated perimetry test. Two other visual field tests — confrontation testing and the Amsler grid — may also help in identifying a scotoma.
Next, test the patient’s visual acuity and inspect his pupils for size, equality, and reaction to light. An ophthalmoscopic examination and measurement of intraocular pressure are necessary.
Explore the patient’s medical history, noting especially eye disorders, vision problems, or chronic systemic disorders. Find out if he takes medications or uses eyedrops.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Vision loss:
History and physical examination
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Sudden vision loss can signal an ocular emergency. (See Managing sudden vision loss.) Don’t touch the eye if the patient has perforating or penetrating ocular trauma.
If the patient’s vision loss occurred gradually, ask him if the vision loss affects one eye or both and all or only part of the visual field. Is the visual loss transient or persistent? Did the visual loss occur abruptly, or did it develop over hours, days, or weeks? What is the patient’s age? Ask the patient if he has experienced photosensitivity, and ask him about the location, intensity, and duration of any eye pain. You should also obtain an ocular history and a family history of eye problems or systemic diseases that may lead to eye problems, such as hypertension; diabetes mellitus; thyroid, rheumatic, or vascular disease; infections; and cancer.
The first step in performing the eye examination is to assess visual acuity, with best available correction in each eye. (See Testing visual acuity, page 630.)
Carefully inspect both eyes, noting edema, foreign bodies, drainage, or conjunctival or scleral redness. Observe whether lid closure is complete or incomplete, and check for ptosis. Using a flashlight, examine the cornea and iris for scars, irregularities, and foreign bodies. Observe the size, shape, and color of the pupils, and test the direct and consensual light reflex (See “Pupils, nonreactive,” page 521.) and the effect of accommodation. Evaluate extraocular muscle function by testing the six cardinal fields of gaze. (See Testing extraocular muscles, page 206.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Scotoma:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
First, identify and characterize the scotoma, using such visual field tests as the tangent screen examination, the Goldmann perimeter test, and the automated perimetry test. Two other visual field tests—confrontation testing and the Amsler grid—may also help in identifying a scotoma.
Next, test the patient’s visual acuity and inspect his pupils for size, equality, and reaction to light. An ophthalmoscopic examination and measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) are necessary.
Explore the patient’s medical history, noting especially any eye disorders, vision problems, or chronic systemic disorders. Find out if he takes medications or uses eyedrops.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Vision loss:
History and physical examination
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Sudden vision loss can signal an ocular emergency. Don’t touch the eye if the patient has a perforating or penetrating ocular trauma. (See Managing sudden vision loss, page 802.)
If the patient’s vision loss occurred gradually, ask him if it affects one eye or both and all or only part of the visual field. Is the vision loss transient or persistent? Did it occur abruptly or develop over hours, days, or weeks? What is the patient’s age? Ask the patient if he has experienced photosensitivity, and ask about the location, intensity, and duration of any eye pain. Also, obtain an ocular history and a family history of eye problems or systemic diseases that may lead to eye problems, such as hypertension; diabetes mellitus; thyroid, rheumatic, or vascular disease; infections; and cancer.
The first step in performing the eye examination is to assess visual acuity with the best available correction in each eye. (See Testing visual acuity, page 803.)
Carefully inspect both eyes, noting edema, foreign bodies, drainage, or conjunctival or scleral redness. Observe whether lid closure is complete or incomplete, and check for ptosis. Using a flashlight, examine the cornea and iris for scars, irregularities, and foreign bodies. Observe the size, shape, and color of the pupils, and test the direct and consensual light reflex (see “Pupils, nonreactive,” page 654) and the effect of accommodation. Evaluate extraocular muscle function by testing the six cardinal fields of gaze. (See Testing extraocular muscles, page 246.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Scotoma:
Physical examination
(The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter)
A. Visual acuity. The vision of each eye should be assessed with spectacles or contact lenses in each eye independently. Central scotomas are seen with optic nerve, macular disease, or (rarely) an occipital tip lesion; and Snellen visual acuity will be decreased.
B. Visual fields. Confrontation field test is performed with each eye independently. Briefly flash several fingers in each of the four quadrants. Bilateral field loss in the same field of vision in each eye indicates injury posterior to the chiasm. Bitemporal field defects are seen with chiasmal lesions (pituitary masses, craniopharyngiomas, and others). Monocular field defects are seen in retina and optic nerve disease.
C. Pupil examination. The presence of a prominent APD, which implies optic nerve injury, will help to differentiate central scotomas caused by macular disease. An APD is commonly seen with optic neuritis, optic neuropathy (ischemic and traumatic), asymmetric glaucomatous damage, optic nerve tumors, and central retinal artery or vein occlusion. An APD is not seen in early papilledema and minimally with macular degeneration, macular holes, or choroidopathy.
D. Fundus examination. Direct ophthalmoscopy can give a quick assessment of the red reflex (i.e., a dim red reflex in a diabetic with vitreous hemorrhage). Vitreous floaters can occasionally be seen as shadows in the red reflex. Examine the nerve for edema, pallor, or glaucomatous cupping. Macular scarring or pigmentary change is most commonly seen with macular degeneration.
E. Other examinations. A neurologic assessment is needed for a patient with bilateral field loss, screening for contralateral paresis and other focal deficits, palpation of the temporal artery for tenderness or diminished pulse if the history suggests giant cell arteritis, as is auscultation of the carotids for bruits and the heart for a murmur in a patient with amaurosis fugax or stroke. Glaucoma can be screened with tonometry. Check arms and legs for signs of intravenous drug abuse.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 10-Minute Diagnosis Manual: Symptoms and Signs in the Time-Limited Encounter, 2000
Scotoma:
Physical assessment
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Test the patient’s visual acuity and inspect his pupils for size, equality, and reaction to light. An ophthalmoscopic examination and measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) are necessary. Then identify and characterize the scotoma using such visual field tests as the tangent screen examination, the Goldmann perimeter test, and the automated perimetry test. Two other visual field tests — confrontation testing and the Amsler grid — may also help in identifying a scotoma.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Vision loss:
Physical assessment
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Don’t touch the patient’s eye if he has perforating or penetrating ocular trauma. The first step in performing the eye examination is to assess visual acuity, with best available correction in each eye. (See Testing visual acuity, page 691.)
Carefully inspect both eyes, noting edema, foreign bodies, drainage, or conjunctival or scleral redness. Observe whether lid closure is complete or incomplete, and check for ptosis. Using a flashlight, examine the cornea and iris for scars, irregularities, and foreign bodies. Observe the size, shape, and color of the pupils, and test the direct and consensual light reflex (see “Pupils, nonreactive,” page 551) and the effect of accommodation. Evaluate extraocular muscle function by testing the six cardinal fields of gaze.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Scotoma:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Explore the patient's medical history, noting especially eye disorders, vision problems, or chronic systemic disorders. Find out if he takes medications or uses eyedrops.
Identify and characterize the scotoma, using such visual field tests as the tangent screen examination, the Goldmann perimeter test, and the automated perimetry test. Two other visual field tests—confrontation testing and the Amsler grid—may also help in identifying a scotoma.
Next, test the patient's visual acuity and inspect his pupils for size, equality, and reaction to light. An ophthalmoscopic examination and measurement of intraocular pressure are necessary.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Vision loss:
History and physical examination
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Sudden vision loss can signal an ocular emergency. (See Managing sudden vision loss, page 628.) Don't touch the eye if the patient has perforating or penetrating ocular trauma.
If the patient's vision loss occurred gradually, ask him if the vision loss affects one eye or both and all or only part of the visual field. Is the visual loss transient or persistent? Did the vision loss occur abruptly or did it develop over hours, days, or weeks? What's the patient's age? Ask the patient if he has experienced photosensitivity and ask him about the location, intensity, and duration of eye pain. You should also obtain an ocular history and a family history of eye problems or systemic diseases that may lead to eye problems, such as hypertension; diabetes mellitus; thyroid, rheumatic, or vascular disease; infections; and cancer.
The first step in performing an eye examination is to assess visual acuity, with best available correction in each eye. (See Testing visual acuity, page 629.)
Carefully inspect both eyes, noting edema, foreign bodies, drainage, or conjunctival or scleral redness. Observe whether lid closure is complete or incomplete and check for ptosis. Using a flashlight, examine the cornea and iris for scars, irregularities, and foreign bodies. Observe the size, shape, and color of the pupils, and test the direct and consensual light reflex (See “Pupils, nonreactive,” page 515.) and the effect of accommodation. Evaluate extraocular muscle function by testing the six cardinal fields of gaze. (See Testing extraocular muscles, page 197.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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