Causes of Hyperprolactinemia
List of causes of Hyperprolactinemia
Following is a list of causes or underlying conditions
(see also Misdiagnosis of underlying causes of Hyperprolactinemia)
that could possibly cause Hyperprolactinemia includes:
Hyperprolactinemia Causes: Book Excerpts
Hyperprolactinemia as a complication of other conditions:
Other conditions that might have
Hyperprolactinemia as a complication may,
potentially, be an underlying cause of Hyperprolactinemia.
Our database lists the following as having
Hyperprolactinemia as a complication of that condition:
Hyperprolactinemia as a symptom:
Conditions listing Hyperprolactinemia
as a symptom may also be potential underlying causes of Hyperprolactinemia.
Our database lists the following as having
Hyperprolactinemia as a symptom of that condition:
Related information on causes of Hyperprolactinemia:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Hyperprolactinemia may be found in:
Causes of Hyperprolactinemia: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the causes of Hyperprolactinemia.
Nipple discharge:
Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Breast abscess
Breast abscess, most common in breast-feeding women, may produce a thick, purulent discharge from a cracked nipple or infected duct. Associated findings include an abrupt onset of a high fever with chills; breast pain, tenderness, and erythema; a palpable soft nodule or generalized induration; and possibly, nipple retraction.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer may cause bloody, watery, or purulent discharge from a normal-appearing nipple. Characteristic findings include a hard, irregular, fixed lump; erythema; dimpling; peau d’orange; changes in contour; nipple deviation, flattening, or retraction; axillary lymphadenopathy; and, possibly, breast pain.
Choriocarcinoma
Galactorrhea (a white or grayish milky discharge) may result from this highly malignant neoplasm, which can follow pregnancy. Other characteristics include persistent uterine bleeding and bogginess after delivery or curettage and vaginal masses.
Intraductal papilloma
Intraductal papilloma is the primary cause of nipple discharge in the nonpregnant, non–breast-feeding woman. Unilateral serous, serosanguineous, or bloody nipple discharge — usually from only one duct — is its predominant sign. Discharge may be intermittent or profuse and constant and can usually be stimulated by gentle pressure around the areola. Subareolar nodules, breast pain, and tenderness may occur.
Mammary duct ectasia
A thick, sticky, grayish discharge from multiple ducts may be the first sign of mammary duct ectasia. The discharge may be bilateral and is usually spontaneous. Other findings include a rubbery, poorly delineated lump beneath the areola, with a blue-green discoloration of the overlying skin; nipple retraction; and redness, swelling, tenderness, and burning pain in the areola and nipple.
Paget’s disease
With Paget’s disease, serous or bloody discharge emits from denuded skin on the nipple, which is red, intensely itchy and, possibly, eroded or excoriated. The discharge is usually unilateral.
Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor
Bilateral galactorrhea may occur with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor. Other findings include amenorrhea, infertility, decreased libido and vaginal secretions, headaches, and blindness.
Proliferative (fibrocystic) breast disease
Proliferative breast disease is a benign disorder that occasionally causes a bilateral clear, milky, or straw-colored discharge, which is rarely purulent or bloody. Multiple round, soft, tender nodules are usually palpable in both breasts, although they may occur singly. Usually, nodules are mobile and are located in the upper outer quadrant. Nodule size, tenderness, and discharge increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms then regress after menses.
Other causes
Drugs
Galactorrhea can be caused by psychotropic agents, particularly phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants; some antihypertensives (reserpine and methyldopa); hormonal contraceptives; cimetidine; metoclopramide; and verapamil.
Surgery
Chest wall surgery may stimulate the thoracic nerves, causing intermittent bilateral galactorrhea.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Nipple discharge:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Breast abscess
This disorder, most common in breast-feeding women, may produce a thick, purulent discharge from a cracked nipple or infected duct. Associated findings include abrupt onset of high fever with chills; breast pain, tenderness, and erythema; a palpable soft nodule or generalized induration; and possibly, nipple retraction.
Breast cancer
This may cause bloody, watery, or purulent discharge from a normal-appearing nipple. Characteristic findings include a hard, irregular, fixed lump; erythema; dimpling; peau d’orange; changes in contour; nipple deviation, flattening, or retraction; axillary lymphadenopathy; and possibly, breast pain.
Choriocarcinoma
Galactorrhea (a white or grayish milky discharge) may result from this highly malignant neoplasm, which can follow pregnancy. Other characteristics include persistent uterine bleeding and bogginess after delivery or curettage, and vaginal masses.
Herpes zoster
This virus can stimulate the thoracic nerves, causing bilateral, spontaneous, intermittent galactorrhea. Other characteristics include shooting or burning pain, eruption of small red nodules or vesicles on the thorax and possibly the arms and legs, pruritus and paresthesia or hyperesthesia in affected areas, headache, and fever and malaise.
Hypothyroidism
This disorder occasionally causes galactorrhea. Related findings include bradycardia; weight gain despite anorexia; decreased mentation; periorbital edema; menorrhagia; constipation; puffy face, hands, and feet; brittle, sparse hair; and dry, doughy, pale, cool skin.
Intraductal papilloma
This disorder is the primary cause of nipple discharge in the nonpregnant, non–breast-feeding woman. Unilateral serous, serosanguineous, or bloody nipple discharge—usually from only one duct—is its predominant sign. Discharge may be intermittent or profuse and constant, and can often be stimulated by gentle pressure around the areola. Subareolar nodules, breast pain, and tenderness may occur.
Mammary duct ectasia
A thick, sticky, grayish discharge from multiple ducts may be the first sign of this disorder. The discharge may be bilateral and is usually spontaneous. Other findings include a rubbery, poorly delineated lump beneath the areola, with a blue-green discoloration of the overlying skin; nipple retraction; and redness, swelling, tenderness, and burning pain in the areola and nipple.
Paget’s disease
With this disorder, serous or bloody discharge emits from denuded skin on the nipple, which is red, intensely itchy and, possibly, eroded or excoriated. The discharge is usually unilateral.
Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor
Bilateral galactorrhea may occur with this tumor. Other findings include amenorrhea, infertility, decreased libido and vaginal secretions, headaches, and blindness.
Proliferative (fibrocystic) breast disease
This benign disorder occasionally causes a bilateral clear, milky, or straw-colored discharge, which is rarely purulent or bloody. Multiple round, soft, tender nodules are usually palpable in both breasts, although they may occur singly. Usually, nodules are mobile and are located in the upper outer quadrant. Nodule size, tenderness, and discharge increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms then regress after menses.
Trauma
Bilateral galactorrhea can result from trauma to the breasts.
Other causes
Drugs
Galactorrhea can be caused by psychotropic agents, particularly phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants; some antihypertensives (reserpine and methyldopa); hormonal contraceptives; cimetidine; metoclopramide; and verapamil.
Surgery
Chest wall surgery may stimulate the thoracic nerves, causing intermittent bilateral galactorrhea.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Nipple discharge:
Medical causes
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Breast abscess
A breast abscess, most common in breast-feeding women, may produce a thick, purulent discharge from a cracked nipple or an infected duct. Associated findings include abrupt onset of high fever with chills; breast pain, tenderness, and erythema; a palpable soft nodule or generalized induration; and, possibly, nipple retraction.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer may cause bloody, watery, or purulent discharge from a normal-appearing nipple. Characteristic findings include a hard, irregular, fixed lump; erythema; dimpling; peau d’orange; changes in contour; nipple deviation, flattening, or retraction; axillary lymphadenopathy; and, possibly, breast pain.
Choriocarcinoma
Galactorrhea (a white or grayish milky discharge) may result from choriocarcinoma, a highly malignant neoplasm that can follow pregnancy. Other characteristics of choriocarcinoma include persistent uterine bleeding and bogginess after delivery or curettage, and vaginal masses.
Herpes zoster
Herpes zoster can stimulate the thoracic nerves, causing bilateral, spontaneous, intermittent galactorrhea. Other characteristics include shooting or burning pain, eruption of small red nodules or vesicles on the thorax and possibly the arms and legs, pruritus and paresthesia or hyperesthesia in affected areas, headache, and fever and malaise.
Intraductal papilloma
Intraductal papilloma is the primary cause of nipple discharge in the nonpregnant, non-breast-feeding woman. Unilateral serous, serosanguineous, or bloody nipple discharge — usually from only one duct — is its predominant sign. Discharge may be intermittent or profuse and constant, and can usually be stimulated by gentle pressure around the areola. Subareolar nodules, breast pain, and tenderness may occur.
Mammary duct ectasia
A thick, sticky, grayish discharge from multiple ducts may be the first sign of mammary duct ectasia. The discharge may be bilateral and is usually spontaneous. Other findings include a rubbery, poorly delineated lump beneath the areola, with a blue-green discoloration of the overlying skin; nipple retraction; and redness, swelling, tenderness, and burning pain in the areola and nipple.
Paget’s disease
With Paget’s disease, serous or bloody discharge emits from denuded skin on the nipple, which is red, intensely itchy and, possibly, eroded or excoriated. The discharge is usually unilateral.
Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor
Bilateral galactorrhea may occur with this tumor. Other findings include amenorrhea, infertility, decreased libido and vaginal secretions, headaches, and blindness.
Proliferative (fibrocystic) breast disease
Proliferative (fibrocystic) breast disease is a benign disorder that occasionally causes a bilateral clear, milky, or straw-colored discharge, which is rarely purulent or bloody. Multiple round, soft, tender nodules are usually palpable in both breasts, although they may occur singly. Usually, nodules are mobile and are located in the upper outer quadrant. Nodule size, tenderness, and discharge increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms then regress after menses.
Trauma
Bilateral galactorrhea can result from trauma to the breasts. Depending on the cause and severity of the chest trauma, the patient may also have chest pain, dyspnea, bruising, flail chest, cardiac tamponade, pulmonary artery tears, ventricular rupture, shock, and bronchial, tracheal, or esophageal tears or rupture.
Other causes
Drugs
Galactorrhea can be caused by psychotropic agents, particularly phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants; some antihypertensives (reserpine and methyldopa); hormonal contraceptives; cimetidine; metoclopramide; and verapamil.
Surgery
Chest wall surgery may stimulate the thoracic nerves, causing intermittent bilateral galactorrhea.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Nipple discharge:
Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Breast abscess.Breast abscess may produce a thick, purulent discharge from a cracked nipple or infected duct. Associated findings include an abrupt onset of a high fever with chills; breast pain, tenderness, and erythema; a palpable soft nodule or generalized induration; and possibly, nipple retraction.
Breast cancer.Breast cancer may cause bloody, watery, or purulent discharge from a normal-appearing nipple. Characteristic findings include a hard, irregular, fixed lump; erythema; dimpling; peau d'orange; changes in contour; nipple deviation, flattening, or retraction; axillary lymphadenopathy; and, possibly, breast pain.
Choriocarcinoma.Galactorrhea (a white or grayish milky discharge) may result from this highly malignant neoplasm, which can follow pregnancy. Other characteristics include persistent uterine bleeding and bogginess after delivery or curettage and vaginal masses.
Intraductal papilloma.Intraductal papilloma is the primary cause of nipple discharge in the nonpregnant, non–breast-feeding woman. Unilateral serous, serosanguineous, or bloody nipple discharge—usually from only one duct—is its predominant sign. Discharge may be intermittent or profuse and constant and can usually be stimulated by gentle pressure around the areola. Subareolar nodules, breast pain, and tenderness may occur.
Mammary duct ectasia.A thick, sticky, grayish discharge from multiple ducts may be the first sign of mammary duct ectasia. The discharge may be bilateral and is usually spontaneous. Other findings include a rubbery, poorly delineated lump beneath the areola, with a blue-green discoloration of the overlying skin; nipple retraction; and redness, swelling, tenderness, and burning pain in the areola and nipple.
Paget's disease.With Paget's disease, serous or bloody discharge emits from denuded skin on the nipple, which is red, intensely itchy and, possibly, eroded or excoriated. The discharge is usually unilateral.
Prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor.Bilateral galactorrhea may occur with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor. Other findings include amenorrhea, infertility, decreased libido and vaginal secretions, headaches, and blindness.
Proliferative (fibrocystic) breast disease.Proliferative breast disease occasionally causes a bilateral clear, milky, or straw-colored discharge, which is rarely purulent or bloody. Multiple round, soft, tender nodules are usually palpable in both breasts, although they may occur singly. Usually, nodules are mobile and are located in the upper outer quadrant. Nodule size, tenderness, and discharge increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms then regress after menses.
Other causes
Drugs.Galactorrhea can be caused by psychotropic agents, particularly phenothiazines and tricyclic antidepressants; some antihypertensives (such as reserpine and methyldopa); hormonal contraceptives; cimetidine; metoclopramide; and verapamil.
Surgery.Chest wall surgery may stimulate the thoracic nerves, causing intermittent bilateral galactorrhea.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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