Prevalence and Incidence of Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Prevalence/Incidence of Hypoglycemia: Online Medical Books
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Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Hypoglycemia.
Hypoglycemia:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Reactive hypoglycemia may take several forms. In a diabetic patient, it may result from administration of too much insulin or, less commonly, too much oral antidiabetic medication. In a mildly diabetic patient (or one in the early stages of diabetes mellitus), reactive hypoglycemia may result from delayed and excessive insulin production after carbohydrate ingestion. Similarly, a nondiabetic patient may suffer reactive hypoglycemia from a sharp increase in insulin output after a meal. Sometimes called postprandial hypoglycemia, this type of reactive hypoglycemia usually disappears when the patient eats something sweet. In some patients, reactive hypoglycemia has no known cause (idiopathic reactive) or may result from gastric dumping syndrome and from impaired glucose tolerance.
Fasting hypoglycemia usually results from an excess of insulin or insulin-like substance or from a decrease in counterregulatory hormones. It can be exogenous, resulting from such external factors as alcohol or drug ingestion, or endogenous, resulting from organic problems.
Endogenous hypoglycemia may result from tumors or liver disease. Insulinomas, small islet cell tumors in the pancreas, secrete excessive amounts of insulin, which inhibit hepatic glucose production. They’re generally benign (in 90% of patients). Extrapancreatic tumors, though uncommon, can also cause hypoglycemia by increasing glucose utilization and inhibiting glucose output. Such tumors occur primarily in the mesenchyma, liver, adrenal cortex, GI system, and lymphatic system. They may be benign or malignant. Among nonendocrine causes of fasting hypoglycemia are severe liver diseases, including hepatitis, cancer, cirrhosis, and liver congestion associated with heart failure. All of these conditions reduce the uptake and release of glycogen from the liver. Some endocrine causes include adrenocortical insufficiency, which contributes to hypoglycemia by reducing the production of cortisol and cortisone needed for gluconeogenesis; and pituitary insufficiency, which reduces corticotropin and growth hormone levels.
Hypoglycemia is at least as common in neonates and children as it is in adults and affects 1 out of 1,000 people. Usually, infants develop hypoglycemia because of an increased number of cells per unit of body weight and because of increased demands on stored liver glycogen to support respirations, thermoregulation, and muscular activity. In full-term neonates, hypoglycemia may occur 24 to 72 hours after birth and is usually transient. In neonates who are premature or small for gestational age, onset of hypoglycemia is much more rapid (it can occur as soon as 6 hours after birth) because of their small, immature livers, which produce much less glycogen. Maternal disorders that can produce hypoglycemia in neonates within 24 hours after birth include diabetes mellitus, toxemia, erythroblastosis, and glycogen storage disease.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Hyperinsulinism/Hypoglycemia:
Hyperinsulinism/Hypoglycemia - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Most common cause of persistent or recurrent hypoglycemia in children beyond the immediate neonatal period.
Hyperinsulinism/Hypoglycemia - incidence
- Annual incidence estimated at ~1:40,000–50,000 live births
- May be as high as 1:2,500 in select populations (Saudi Arabians, Ashkenazi Jews)
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Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Hypoglycemia usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Hypoglycemia at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Hypoglycemia refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Hypoglycemia diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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