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Diseases » Hypospadias » Research

Cure Research for Hypospadias

Treatments for Hypospadias

Treatments to consider for Hypospadias may include:

Watchful waiting - sometimes no treatment is necessarily (especially in females)
Surgical reconstruction
more treatments...»

Medical Research Breakthroughs and Hypospadias

Genetic etiology in Hypospadias: Hypospadias complex disorder has both genetic and environmental contributions. Since development of the urethra and external genitalia in the male foetus is androgen dependent, abnormalities in the synthesis and metabolism of androgens can result in abnormal genital morphogenesis. Although the associations of hypospadias with gene polymorphisms in androgen pathway are well studied, few studies for the ESR, which codes the estrogen receptor, have been documented. The researchers tried to find the association of PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms of ESR1 and the 2681-4A>G polymorphism of ESR2 with hypospadias using a case-control study of 59 cases with hypospadias and 286 controls to determine whether these polymorphisms constitute major susceptible markers of hypospadias.These polymorphisms were genotyped and a negative association was found for the G allele-containing variants in XbaI polymorphism of ESR1 (OR = 0.52, P < 0.05). A negative association was found for the G allele-containing variants in ESR2 2681-4A>G with whole (OR = 0.59, P< 0.05) and mild hypospadias (OR = 0.41, P < 0.01). Negative associations were also identified with the whole (P < 0.05) and mild hypospadias (P < 0.01) of the C-A haplotype defined by PvuII-XbaI polymorphisms of ESR1. In recent years, it has been hypothesized that prenatal exposure of the male foetus to xenoestrogens having estrogen activity may be responsible for hypospadias. Thus, it is considered that the ESR1 PvuII, XbaI and ESR2 2681-4A>G polymorphisms contribute to the individual susceptibility for hypospadias through influencing to the activity of estrogen receptors.>>>>>