Causes of Hypothyroidism
List of causes of Hypothyroidism
Following is a list of causes or underlying conditions
(see also Misdiagnosis of underlying causes of Hypothyroidism)
that could possibly cause Hypothyroidism includes:
More causes:
see full list of causes for Hypothyroidism
Causes of Hypothyroidism (Diseases Database):
The follow list shows some of the possible medical causes of Hypothyroidism
that are listed by the Diseases Database:
Source: Diseases Database
Hypothyroidism Causes: Book Excerpts
Hypothyroidism as a complication of other conditions:
Other conditions that might have
Hypothyroidism as a complication may,
potentially, be an underlying cause of Hypothyroidism.
Our database lists the following as having
Hypothyroidism as a complication of that condition:
Hypothyroidism as a symptom:
Conditions listing Hypothyroidism
as a symptom may also be potential underlying causes of Hypothyroidism.
Our database lists the following as having
Hypothyroidism as a symptom of that condition:
Medications or substances causing Hypothyroidism:
The following drugs, medications, substances or toxins are some of the possible
causes of Hypothyroidism as a symptom.
This list is incomplete and various other drugs or substances
may cause your symptoms.
Always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using,
including prescription, over-the-counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments.
Read more about medication causes of Hypothyroidism
Drug interactions causing Hypothyroidism:
When combined, certain drugs, medications, substances or toxins may react
causing Hypothyroidism as a symptom.
The list below is incomplete and various other drugs or substances may cause your symptoms.
Always advise your doctor of any medications or treatments you are using,
including prescription, over-the-counter, supplements, herbal or alternative treatments.
See full list of 23
drug interactions causing Hypothyroidism
Medical news summaries relating to Hypothyroidism:
The following medical news items are relevant to causes of Hypothyroidism:
Related information on causes of Hypothyroidism:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Hypothyroidism may be found in:
Causes of Hypothyroidism: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the causes of Hypothyroidism.
Breath Sounds (Decreased):
Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
Decreased airflow through respiratory tree
-
Airway obstruction
–Aspirated foreign body
–Asthma
–Bronchitis
–Bronchiolitis
–Croup
–Epiglottitis
–Neoplasm
–Goiter
-
Alveolar or interstitial processes
–Pulmonary edema
–Pneumonia
–Pleurisy
–Sarcoidosis
-
Decreased lung expansion
–Atelectasis
–COPD or emphysema
–Bronchiectasis
–Kyphosis or scoliosis
–Increased abdominal girth (e.g., ascites,
obesity, pregnancy)
–Pulmonary fibrosis
–Diaphragmatic paralysis
–Abdominal, chest wall, or pleuritic pain
Obstructed transmission of sound
-
Obesity
-
Pleural effusion
-
Pneumothorax, hemothorax, or chylothorax
-
Pleural thickening
-
Large pulmonary embolus
-
Less common etiologies (“zebras”) include cystic fibrosis, alveolar hemorrhage, BOOP, now called COP, pneumonectomy (postsurgical), systemic lupus erythematosus, vocal cord paralysis, vocal cord dyskinesia, and psychogenic
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Urinary Stream (Decreased):
Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
-
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
-
–Most common cause of decreased urinary stream in men >40
Urethral stricture
–May be congenital or acquired
-
Chronic urethritis
–May be secondary to stricture or chronic infection
Prostate cancer
–More frequent in men >40
-
Neuropathic bladder
–Spinal cord trauma
–Herniated disc
–Multiple sclerosis
–Spina bifida
–CVA
–Parkinson's disease
–Nerve injury secondary to pelvic surgery
-
(e.g., prostatectomy)
-
Bladder neck contracture
–May be congenital or acquired
(e.g., post-prostatectomy)
Urethral or bladder foreign body
Bladder stones
Bladder neck cancer
Urethral cancer
Urethral polyp
Posterior urethral valves
–Frequently presents with recurrent UTIs
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Thyroid enlargement:
Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is most prevalent in women and usually results from a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, which may be due to surgery, irradiation therapy, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease), or inflammatory conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. Besides an enlarged thyroid, signs and symptoms include weight gain despite anorexia; fatigue; cold intolerance; constipation; menorrhagia; slowed intellectual and motor activity; dry, pale, cool skin; dry, sparse hair; and thick, brittle nails. Eventually, the face assumes a dull expression with periorbital edema.
Iodine deficiency
A goiter may result from a lack of iodine in the diet. If the goiter arises from a deficiency of iodine in the food or water of a particular area, it’s called an endemic goiter. Associated signs and symptoms of an endemic goiter include dysphagia, dyspnea, and tracheal deviation. This condition is uncommon in developed countries with iodized salt.
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland, may be classified as acute or subacute. It may be due to bacterial or viral infections, in which case associated features include fever and thyroid tenderness. The most prevalent cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism, however, is an autoimmune reaction, as occurs in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Autoimmune thyroiditis usually produces no symptoms other than thyroid enlargement.
Thyrotoxicosis
Overproduction of thyroid hormone causes thyrotoxicosis. The most common form is Graves’disease, which may result from genetic or immunologic factors. Associated signs and symptoms include nervousness; heat intolerance; fatigue; weight loss despite increased appetite; diarrhea; sweating; palpitations; tremors; smooth, warm, flushed skin; fine, soft hair; exophthalmos; nausea and vomiting due to increased GI motility and peristalsis; and, in females, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea.
Tumors
An enlarged thyroid may result from a malignant tumor or a nonmalignant tumor (such as an adenoma). A malignant tumor usually appears as a single nodule in the neck; a nonmalignant tumor may appear as multiple nodules in the neck. Associated signs and symptoms include hoarseness, loss of voice, and dysphagia.
Thyroid tissue contained in ovarian dermoid tumors can function autonomously or in combination with thyrotoxicosis. Pituitary tumors that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a rare type, are the only cause of normal or high TSH levels in association with thyrotoxicosis. Finally, high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, as seen in trophoblastic tumors and pregnant women, can cause thyrotoxicosis.
Other causes
Goitrogens
Goitrogens are drugs — such as lithium, sulfonamides, phenylbutazone, and para-aminosalicylic acid — and substances in foods that decrease thyroxine production. Foods containing goitrogens include peanuts, cabbage, soybeans, strawberries, spinach, rutabagas, and radishes.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Hypothyroidism in adults:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Hypothyroidism results from inadequate production of thyroid hormone — usually because of dysfunction of the thyroid gland due to surgery (thyroidectomy), irradiation therapy (particularly with 131I), inflammation, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) or, rarely, conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. It may also result from pituitary failure to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hypothalamic failure to produce thyrotropin-releasing hormone, inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, the inability to synthesize thyroid hormone because of iodine deficiency (usually dietary), or the use of antithyroid medications such as propylthiouracil. In patients with hypothyroidism, infection, exposure to cold, and sedatives may precipitate myxedema coma.
Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in females than males, and frequency increases with age; in the United States, incidence is rising significantly in people ages 40 to 50.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Hypothyroidism in children:
Causes
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
In infants, cretinism usually results from defective embryonic development that causes congenital absence or underdevelopment of the thyroid gland. The next most common cause can be traced to an inherited enzymatic defect in the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) caused by an autosomal recessive gene. Less frequently, antithyroid drugs taken during pregnancy produce cretinism in infants. In children older than age 2, cretinism usually results from chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Thyroid enlargement:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Hypothyroidism
This disorder, which is most prevalent in women, usually results from a dysfunction of the thyroid gland caused by surgery, irradiation therapy, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease), or inflammatory conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. Besides an enlarged thyroid, signs and symptoms include weight gain despite anorexia; fatigue; cold intolerance; constipation; menorrhagia; slowed intellectual and motor activity; dry, pale, cool skin; dry, sparse hair; and thick, brittle nails. Eventually, the face assumes a dull expression with periorbital edema.
Iodine deficiency
A goiter may result from a lack of iodine in the diet. A goiter that arises from a deficiency of iodine in the food or water of a particular area is called an endemic goiter. Associated signs and symptoms of an endemic goiter include dysphagia, dyspnea, and tracheal deviation. This condition is uncommon in developed countries with iodized salt.
Thyroiditis
Thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland, may be classified as acute or subacute. It may be due to bacterial or viral infections, in which case associated features include fever and thyroid tenderness. The most prevalent cause of spontaneous hypothyroidism, however, is an autoimmune reaction, as occurs in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Autoimmune thyroiditis usually produces no symptoms other than thyroid enlargement.
Thyrotoxicosis
Overproduction of thyroid hormone causes thyrotoxicosis. The most common form is Graves’disease, which may result from genetic or immunologic factors. Associated signs and symptoms include nervousness; heat intolerance; fatigue; weight loss despite increased appetite; diarrhea; diaphoresis; palpitations; tremors; smooth, warm, flushed skin; fine, soft hair; exophthalmos; nausea and vomiting due to increased GI motility and peristalsis; and, in females, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea.
Tumors
An enlarged thyroid may result from a malignant tumor or a nonmalignant tumor (such as an adenoma). A malignant tumor usually appears as a single nodule in the neck; a nonmalignant tumor may appear as multiple nodules in the neck. Associated signs and symptoms include hoarseness, loss of voice, and dysphagia.
Thyroid tissue contained in ovarian dermoid tumors can function autonomously or in combination with thyrotoxicosis. Pituitary tumors that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a rare type, are the only cause of normal or high TSH levels in association with thyrotoxicosis. Finally, high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, as seen in trophoblastic tumors and pregnant women, can cause thyrotoxicosis.
Other causes
Goitrogens
Goitrogens are drugs and substances in foods that decrease thyroxine production. Drugs containing goitrogens include lithium, sulfonamides, and para-aminosalicylic acid. Foods containing goitrogens include peanuts, cabbage, soybeans, strawberries, spinach, rutabagas, and radishes.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Neck Mass/Thyroid Enlargement:
Differential Overview
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
Neck Mass
❑ Inflammatory lymphadenopathy
❑ Parotid swelling/tumor
❑ Laryngeal cancer
❑ Intramuscular hematoma
❑ Lymphoma
❑ Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
❑ Branchial cleft cyst
❑ Thyroglossal duct cyst
❑ Supraclavicular adenopathy
❑ Aortic aneurysm
❑ Carotid aneurysm
❑ Ludwig angina
❑ Pharyngeal pouch
❑ Carotid body tumor
Thyroid Enlargement
❑ Simple goiter
❑ Hashimoto thyroiditis
❑ Grave disease
❑ Drugs
❑ Subacute thyroiditis
❑ Thyroid cancer
❑ Infiltrative disease
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
Hypothyroidism in adults:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Hypothyroidism results from inadequate production of thyroid hormone, usually because of dysfunction of the thyroid gland due to surgery (thyroidectomy), radiation therapy (particularly with 131I), inflammation, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease) or, rarely, conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. It may also result from pituitary failure to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), hypothalamic failure to produce thyrotropin-releasing hormone, inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, inability to synthesize thyroid hormone because of iodine deficiency (usually dietary), or the use of antithyroid medications such as propylthiouracil.
In patients with hypothyroidism, infection, exposure to cold, and sedatives may precipitate myxedema coma.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Hypothyroidism in children:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
In infants, cretinism usually results from defective embryonic development that causes congenital absence or underdevelopment of the thyroid gland. The next most common cause can be traced to an inherited enzymatic defect in the synthesis of thyroxine (T4) caused by an autosomal recessive gene. Less frequently, antithyroid drugs taken during pregnancy produce cretinism in infants. In children older than age 2, cretinism usually results from chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Thyroid enlargement:
Medical causes
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Hypothyroidism
Besides an enlarged thyroid, signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include weight gain despite anorexia; fatigue; cold intolerance; constipation; menorrhagia; slowed intellectual and motor activity; dry, pale, cool skin; dry, sparse hair; and thick, brittle nails. Eventually, the face assumes a dull expression with periorbital edema.
CULTURAL CUE:Goiters are common in areas of the world that are deficient in iodine, such as Asia, Latin America, Africa, and parts of Europe.
Thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis usually produces no symptoms other than thyroid enlargement. In subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, moderate thyroid enlargement may follow an upper respiratory infection or a sore throat. The thyroid may be painful and tender. Dysphagia may also occur.
Thyrotoxicosis
One of the classic features of thyrotoxicosis is an enlarged thyroid gland. Associated signs and symptoms include nervousness; heat intolerance; fatigue; weight loss despite increased appetite; diarrhea; sweating; palpitations; tremors; smooth, warm, flushed skin; fine, soft hair; exophthalmos; nausea and vomiting due to increased GI motility and peristalsis; and, in females, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea.
Tumors
An enlarged thyroid may result from a malignant tumor or a nonmalignant tumor (such as an adenoma). A malignant tumor usually appears as a single nodule in the neck; a nonmalignant tumor may appear as multiple nodules in the neck. Associated signs and symptoms include hoarseness, loss of voice, and dysphagia.
Other causes
Goitrogens
Goitrogens are drugs and substances in foods that decrease thyroxine production. Drugs include lithium, sulfonamides, phenylbutazone, and para-aminosalicylic acid. Foods containing goitrogens include peanuts, cabbage, soybeans, strawberries, spinach, rutabagas, and radishes.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Thyroid enlargement:
Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Hypothyroidism.Hypothyroidism causes an enlarged thyroid. Additional signs and symptoms include weight gain despite anorexia; fatigue; cold intolerance; constipation; menorrhagia; slowed intellectual and motor activity; dry, pale, cool skin; dry, sparse hair; and thick, brittle nails. Eventually, the face assumes a dull expression with periorbital edema.
Iodine deficiency.A deficiency of iodine in the food or water of a particular area may cause an endemic goiter. Associated signs and symptoms of an endemic goiter include dysphagia, dyspnea, and tracheal deviation. This condition is uncommon in developed countries with iodized salt.
Thyroiditis.Autoimmune thyroiditis usually produces no symptoms other than thyroid enlargement.
Thyrotoxicosis.Signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include an enlarged thyroid, nervousness; heat intolerance; fatigue; weight loss despite increased appetite; diarrhea; sweating; palpitations; tremors; smooth, warm, flushed skin; fine, soft hair; exophthalmos; nausea and vomiting due to increased GI motility and peristalsis; and, in females, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea.
Tumors.An enlarged thyroid may result from a malignant tumor or a nonmalignant tumor (such as an adenoma). Associated signs and symptoms include hoarseness, loss of voice, and dysphagia.
Thyroid tissue contained in ovarian dermoid tumors can function autonomously or in combination with thyrotoxicosis. Pituitary tumors that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a rare type, are the only cause of normal or high TSH levels in association with thyrotoxicosis. Finally, high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, as seen in trophoblastic tumors and pregnant women, can cause thyrotoxicosis.
Other causes
Goitrogens.Goitrogens are drugs—such as lithium, sulfonamides, phenylbutazone, and para-aminosalicylic acid—and substances in foods that decrease thyroxine production. Foods containing goitrogens include peanuts, cabbage, soybeans, strawberries, spinach, rutabagas, and radishes.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Decreased Activity Level - Case 2-1: 15-Year-Old Girl:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
This patient had a significant anemia. There are several categories of anemia.
The anemia could be caused by a nutritional deficit (e.g., iron, folic acid,
vitamin B
12). It could be caused by a hemoglobinopathy (e.g., sickle cell anemia,
thalassemia). The anemia could also be the result of a hemolytic process such
as hereditary spherocytosis or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Finally, the anemia could result from a hypoplastic or aplastic crisis.
When evaluating anemia, it is easiest to arrive at the correct diagnosis by
assessing the hematologic indices, specifically the MCV. If the MCV is low, the
anemia is a microcytic anemia and causes such as iron deficiency anemia, lead
poisoning, anemia of chronic disease, and thalassemias should be considered. If
the MCV is normal, chronic disease, hypoplastic or aplastic crisis, malignancy,
renal failure, acute hemorrhage, and hemolytic processes should be considered.
Finally, if the MCV is high, the megaloblastic anemias should be evaluated,
specifically folate deficiency and vitamin B
12 deficiency, as well as some of the aplastic anemias.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Decreased Activity Level - Case 2-2: 2-Week-Old Boy:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
Hyponatremia with hyperkalemia in a 2-week-old infant is most concerning for
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Other causes of electrolyte abnormalities
in a young infant include water intoxication, gastroenteritis, and
inappropriate formula preparation. If an ill-appearing infant presents
primarily with vomiting, pyloric stenosis and malrotation should be included in
the differential diagnosis. The choking incident provided in the history could
also indicate an episode of gastroesophageal reflux or a seizure.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Decreased Activity Level - Case 2-3: 3-Month-Old Girl:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
The diagnostic possibilities in this child with decreased activity and hypotonia
include neurologic conditions that involve either the upper motor neuron
(cerebral cortex and spinal cord) or the lower motor neuron (anterior horn
cell, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, or muscle). Upper motor neuron
diseases, such as stroke, hemorrhage, trauma, oncologic processes, tethered
cord, epidural abscess, and transverse myelitis, are possibilities. Lower motor
diseases include poliomyelitis, spinal muscular atrophy, ascending
Guillain-Barr
é syndrome, heavy metal poisoning, congenital myasthenia gravis, paralysis,
botulism, organophosphate poisoning, inflammatory myopathy, and muscular
dystrophies. Infectious etiologies such as overwhelming sepsis, meningitis, and
metabolic encephalopathies should be considered. Ingestions can cause weakness,
particularly ingestion of barbiturates. Inborn errors of metabolism should be
considered as well. Chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Prader-Willi
syndrome, achondroplasia, familial dysautonomia, and trisomy 13 may manifest
with hypotonia as an early clinical feature. The history of weakness, decreased
feeding, weak cry, and constipation is a classic presentation of infant
botulism.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Decreased Activity Level - Case 2-4: 11-Month-Old Boy:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
This child's critical appearance, in association with fever, made the clinician most
concerned for an overwhelming systemic infection. The original source could
have been a bacterial infection such as bacteremia, pneumonia, pyelonephritis,
or meningitis. Aside from infectious causes, the history of bright red blood
from the rectum is concerning for intestinal ischemia. Intussusception,
malrotation with volvulus, or some other abdominal catastrophe could result in
a similar clinical picture at presentation. Other causes of bleeding diathesis
should be considered as well.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Decreased Activity Level - Case 2-5: 9-Year-Old Boy:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
This case illustrates a patient who has an intracranial hemorrhage. Although
these lesions are not as common in children as in adults, they can occur,
particularly after head trauma. The differential diagnosis includes any cause
of intracranial hemorrhage, including accidental and nonaccidental trauma and
nontraumatic causes such as an aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM),
bleeding disorders, arachnoid cysts, hypernatremia, galactosemia, glutaric
aciduria, and meningitis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
Decreased Activity Level - Case 2-6: 20-Month-Old Boy:
I. Differential Diagnosis
(Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas)
Several diagnoses are possible for this child. Given the microcytic anemia,
basophilic stippling noted on the smear, and history of increased lead levels,
lead encephalopathy is a possibility. However, intracranial hemorrhage is not
characteristic of lead encephalopathy. Other causes of intracranial bleeding,
such as accidental and nonaccidental trauma, must be considered as well. Causes
of intracranial bleeding in children include intentional injury, major trauma
(e.g., motor vehicle collision, substantial fall), aneurysms, arachnoid cysts,
cerebral infections, hematologic disorders, metabolic disorders such as
glutaric aciduria or galactosemia, and hypernatremia.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Complaints and Diagnostic Dilemmas, 2003
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