Prevalence and Incidence of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rare Disease
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, or a subtype of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Prevalence/Incidence of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The cause of JRA remains puzzling. Research continues to test several theories, such as those linking the disease to genetic factors or to an abnormal immune response. Viral or bacterial (particularly streptococcal) infection, trauma, and emotional stress may be precipitating factors, but their relationship to JRA remains unclear.
Considered the major chronic rheumatic disorder of childhood, JRA affects an estimated 150,000 to 250,000 children in the United States; overall incidence is twice as high in females, with variation among the types of JRA.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rheumatoid arthritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
RA occurs worldwide, striking three times more females than males. Although it can occur at any age, it begins most often between ages 25 and 55. This disease affects more than 7 million people in the United States alone.
What causes the chronic inflammation characteristic of RA isn’t known, but various theories point to infectious, genetic, and endocrine factors. Currently, it’s believed that a genetically susceptible individual develops abnormal or altered immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies when exposed to an antigen. This altered IgG antibody isn’t recognized as “self,” and the individual forms an antibody against it — an antibody known as RF. By aggregating into complexes, RF generates inflammation. Eventually, cartilage damage by inflammation triggers additional immune responses, including activation of complement. This in turn attracts polymorphonuclear leukocytes and stimulates release of inflammatory mediators, which enhance joint destruction.
Much more is known about the pathogenesis of RA than about its causes. If unarrested, the inflammatory process within the joints occurs in four stages. First, synovitis develops from congestion and edema of the synovial membrane and joint capsule. Formation of pannus — thickened layers of granulation tissue — marks the second stage’s onset. Pannus covers and invades cartilage and eventually destroys the joint capsule and bone. Progression to the third stage is characterized by fibrous ankylosis — fibrous invasion of the pannus and scar formation that occludes the joint space. Bone atrophy and malalignment cause visible deformities and disrupt the articulation of opposing bones, causing muscle atrophy and imbalance and, possibly, partial dislocations or subluxations. In the fourth stage, fibrous tissue calcifies, resulting in bony ankylosis and total immobility.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Septic arthritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
In most cases of septic arthritis, bacteria spread from a primary site of infection — usually in adjacent bone or soft tissue — through the bloodstream to the joint. Common infecting organisms in children are group B Streptococcus and Haemophilus influenzae. Adults are usually infected by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus (pneumonia), and group B Streptococcus, whereas chronic septic arthritis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans.
Various factors can predispose a person to septic arthritis. Any concurrent bacterial infection (of the genitourinary or the upper respiratory tract, for example) or serious chronic illness (such as malignancy, renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, or cirrhosis) heightens susceptibility. Consequently, elderly people and those who abuse I.V. drugs run a higher risk of developing septic arthritis. Of course, diseases that depress the immune system and immunosuppressive therapy increase susceptibility. Other predisposing factors include recent articular trauma, joint arthroscopy or other surgery, intra-articular injections, and local joint abnormalities.
Septic arthritis may be seen at any age in children, but it occurs most often in children younger than age 3. It’s uncommon from age 3 until adolescence, at which time the incidence increases again.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic (Rheumatoid):
Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic - incidence
- Incidence ranges from 1–22/100,000 per year
- Affects ~70,000–100,000 children in the US
Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic - prevalence
- Prevalence ranges from 8–150/100,0000
- Girls are affected twice as often as boys, but usually affects boys more frequently (Male: Female = 10:1).
- ~50% of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis have the pauciarticular type.
- 30% have the polyarticular type.
- 10% have systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Septic Arthritis:
Septic Arthritis - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Predominant age: 2–6 years, adolescent (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
- Predominant sex: Male > Female, 2:1
- Predominantly large joints affected: Knee, hip, elbow, ankle
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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