... Prerenal azotemia
Hypovolemia
Hemorrhage
Gastrointestinal losses
Sweating
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... Glomerulopathy, primary renal*
Glomerulopathy associated with systemic disease*
Interstitial disease†
Urinary tract obstruction‡
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... Infection, upper or lower urinary tract
Obstruction
Volume depletion
Drugs, toxins
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
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... Biochemical Criteria
Volume overload
Serum K+ >6 mEq/L (despite medical management)
Serum HCO3– <10 mEq/L, pH <7.20 >
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... Signs and Symptoms Oliguria, azotemia, anuria, electrolyte imbalances, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, stomatitis, uremic breath, headache, drowsiness, irritability, confusion, neuropathy, seizures, coma, pruritus, pallor, heart failure, edema ... Treatment (Tx)
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... Chronic renal failure is usually the end result of a gradually progressive loss of renal function; occasionally, it’s the result of a rapidly progressive disease of sudden onset. Few symptoms develop until after more than 75% of glomerular filtration is lost; then the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Obstruction, reduced circulation, and renal parenchymatous disease can all cause sudden interruption of kidney function. Acute renal failure is usually reversible with medical treatment; otherwise, it may progress to end-stage renal disease, uremic syndrome, and death. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Although chronic renal failure is usually the result of a gradually progressive loss of renal function, it occasionally results from a rapidly progressive disease of sudden onset. Few symptoms develop until after more than 75% of glomerular filtration is lost; then,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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