Causes of Kidney Dialysis
Kidney Dialysis Causes: Book Excerpts
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Chronic renal failure:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Diabetes and hypertension are the primary causes of chronic renal failure, accounting for two-thirds of cases. Other causes of chronic renal failure include:
❑ chronic glomerular disease such as glomerulonephritis
❑ chronic infections, such as chronic pyelonephritis or tuberculosis
❑ congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidneys
❑ vascular diseases such as renal nephrosclerosis
❑ obstructive processes such as calculi
❑ collagen diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus
❑ nephrotoxic agents such as long-term aminoglycoside therapy.
These conditions gradually destroy the nephrons and eventually cause irreversible renal failure. Similarly, acute renal failure that fails to respond to treatment becomes chronic renal failure.
This syndrome may progress through the following stages:
❑ reduced renal reserve (creatinine clearance glomerular filtration rate [GFR] is 40 to 70 ml/minute)
❑ renal insufficiency (GFR 20 to 40 ml/ minute)
❑ renal failure (GFR 10 to 20 ml/minute)
❑ end-stage renal disease (GFR less than 10 ml/minute).
Chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease affect about 2 out of 1,000 people in the United States.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Renal failure, acute:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Acute renal failure can be classified as prerenal, intrinsic (or parenchymatous), or postrenal.
Prerenal failure
Diminished blood flow to the kidneys causes prerenal failure. Such decreased flow may result from hypovolemia, shock, embolism, blood loss, sepsis, pooling of fluid in ascites or burns, or a cardiovascular disorder, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and tamponade. Other causes include disorders of the blood, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, transfusion reactions, and other hemolytic disorders; malignant hypertension; and disorders resulting from childbirth-like bleeding (associated with placental abruption or placenta previa) that can damage the kidneys. Autoimmune disorders, such as scleroderma, can also cause acute renal failure.
Intrinsic renal failure
Parenchymatous, or intrinsic, renal failure results from damage to the kidneys themselves, usually resulting from acute tubular necrosis. Such damage may also result from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis, sickle cell disease, bilateral renal vein thrombosis, nephrotoxins, ischemia, renal myeloma, and acute pyelonephritis.
Postrenal failure
Bilateral obstruction of urine outflow results in postrenal failure. Possible causes include renal calculi, clots, papillae from papillary necrosis, tumors, benign prostatic hyperplasia, strictures, and urethral edema from catheterization.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Renal failure, chronic:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Chronic renal failure may result from:
❑ chronic glomerular disease such as glomerulonephritis
❑ chronic infection, such as chronic pyelonephritis or tuberculosis
❑ a congenital anomaly such as polycystic kidneys
❑ vascular disease, such as renal nephrosclerosis or hypertension
❑ an obstructive process such as calculi
❑ collagen disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus
❑ nephrotoxic drug therapy such as long-term aminoglycoside therapy
❑ endocrine disease such as diabetic neuropathy.
Such conditions gradually destroy the nephrons and eventually cause irreversible renal failure. Similarly, acute renal failure that fails to respond to treatment becomes chronic renal failure.
Chronic renal failure may progress through the following stages:
❑ reduced renal reserve (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] is 40 to 70 ml/ minute)
❑ renal insufficiency (GFR is 20 to 40 ml/ minute)
❑ renal failure (GFR 10 to 20 ml/ minute)
❑ end-stage renal disease (GFR is < 10 ml/minute).
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
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