Causes of Klippel Feil Syndrome
Klippel Feil Syndrome Causes: Book Excerpts
What causes Klippel Feil Syndrome?
Causes: Klippel Feil Syndrome:
It is caused by a failure in the normal
segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks
of fetal development.
(Source: excerpt from NINDS Klippel Feil Syndrome Information Page: NINDS)
Related information on causes of Klippel Feil Syndrome:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Klippel Feil Syndrome may be found in:
Causes of Klippel Feil Syndrome: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the causes of Klippel Feil Syndrome.
Laryngeal cancer:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
In laryngeal cancer, major predisposing factors include smoking and alcoholism; minor factors include chronic inhalation of noxious fumes and familial tendency. Cancer of the larynx rarely occurs in nonsmokers.
Laryngeal cancer is classified according to its location:
❑supraglottis (false vocal cords)
❑glottis (true vocal cords)
❑subglottis (downward extension from vocal cords [rare]).
The ratio of male to female incidence is 3.8:1. Most victims are between ages 50 and 65.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Laryngitis:
Causes
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Acute laryngitis usually results from infection (primarily viral) or excessive use of the voice, an occupational hazard in certain vocations (teaching, public speaking, or singing, for example). It may also result from leisure activities (such as cheering at a sports event), inhalation of smoke or fumes, or aspiration of caustic chemicals. Chronic laryngitis may be caused by chronic upper respiratory tract disorders (sinusitis, bronchitis, nasal polyps, or allergy), mouth breathing, smoking, constant exposure to dust or other irritants, and alcohol abuse.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Acceleration-deceleration cervical injuries:
Causes
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Whiplash commonly results from rear-end automobile accidents. A seat belt keeps a person’s body from being thrown forward, but the head may snap forward, then backward, causing a whiplash injury to the neck. Other causes include roller coasters or other amusement park rides, sports injuries, or punches or shoves.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Laryngeal cancer:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
With laryngeal cancer, major predisposing factors include smoking and alcoholism; minor factors include chronic inhalation of noxious fumes and familial tendency.
Laryngeal cancer is classified according to its location:
❑ supraglottis (false vocal cords)
❑ glottis (true vocal cords)
❑ subglottis (downward extension from the vocal cords [rare]).
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Laryngitis:
Causes
(Handbook of Diseases)
Acute laryngitis usually results from infection (primarily viral) or excessive use of the voice, an occupational hazard in certain vocations (for example, teaching, public speaking, and singing). It may also result from leisure activities (such as cheering at a sports event), inhalation of smoke or fumes, or aspiration of caustic chemicals. Causes of chronic laryngitis include chronic upper respiratory tract disorders (sinusitis, bronchitis, nasal polyps, or an allergy), mouth breathing, smoking, constant exposure to dust or other irritants, and alcohol abuse. Reflux laryngitis is caused by regurgitation of gastric acid into the hypopharynx. (See Managing reflux laryngitis.)
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Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Cervicitis:
Cervicitis - risk factors
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Early age of coitarche
- Multiple sexual partners
- Absent/Inconsistent condom use
Cervicitis - etiology
In most young women, no pathogen is isolated. Common causes include:
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Herpesvirus hominis
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Mycoplasma genitalium
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Cervical Adenitis:
Etiology (Bacterial)
(Pediatric Infectious Disease)
The most common bacterial cause of acute unilateral cervical adenopathy is
infection with
Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci). These two organisms are the cause of acute unilateral
disease in more than 80% of cases.
Presentation
There is often sudden onset of fever, swelling, tenderness, and overlying
erythema.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of acute bacterial adenitis is typically made by the clinical history
and examination.
Management
Therapy is with an antibiotic with activity against both S. aureus and group A streptococci. A first generation cephalosporin or clindamycin can be
used. Children who appear toxic with high fever and decreased oral intake may
need to be managed initially as inpatients; for these children,
ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn) is a good intravenous agent. It is often
difficult to predict in a particular patient which nodes will suppurate and
thus require surgical drainage. Serial exams and the use of computed tomography
of the neck are helpful in determining whether the child will require surgery
(Fig. 9.1). Once the child is afebrile and taking fluids well, these serial
examinations can be done as an outpatient while on oral antibiotics.
The traditional surgical approach to suppurative cervical adenitis that had
failed to respond completely to medical management was open incision and
drainage. Drawbacks to this technique included the need for general anesthesia
and a large scar. There is increasing experience with needle aspiration in the
surgical management of suppurative cervical adenitis. The advantage of needle
aspiration over incisional drainage is that general anesthesia may not be
required and surgical scarring may be minimized. Many pediatric surgeons are
now using this technique as a first-line method for suppurative adenitis
unresponsive to antibiotic treatment (Table 9.1).
Etiology (Viral)
Acute bilateral cervical lymphadenitis is frequently caused by viral infections,
including Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and adenovirus.
Presentation
Patients often have associated cough and rhinorrhea.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of viral adenopathy is usually made clinically, based on associated
symptoms and the absence of fever and erythema, which characterize acute
bacterial disease.
Management
Care in these cases is supportive. It is important to realize that after a viral
infection, the lymph node enlargement may persist for many weeks, even though
the acute symptoms of fever, cough, and coryza have resolved.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease, 2004
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