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Does the edema pit on pressure? Edema that pits on pressure is more likely to be due to heart, liver, or kidney disease. Edema that does not pit on pressure is more likely due to myxedema or lymphedema.
Is ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a history of drug ingestion? Many drugs can cause lymphadenopathy; the most notable is Dilantin, but the antibiotics, aspirin, iodides, and certain antihypertensive drugs can cause lymphadenopathy also. ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is the edema acute or chronic? Acute edema, if it is localized, should always bring to mind a deep vein thrombophlebitis. It also should bring to mind acute lymphangitis, particularly if there is erythema in the area. Finally, it should also ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Is there a periorbital or facial rash? The presence of a periorbital or facial rash should suggest contact dermatitis, angioneurotic edema, trichinosis, and herpes zoster. Remember, herpes zoster is usually unilateral.
... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Lymphadenopathy refers to enlargement of the lymph nodes. Localized lymphadenopathy involves one lymph region, whereas generalized lymphadenopathy involves more than one region. More than two thirds of cases of lymphadenopathy in primary care are due to nonspecific causes or upper... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Periorbital or eyelid edema has many possible etiologies, including mechanical, hemodynamic, infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes. A careful history and physical examination are necessary to determine whether the problem is localized or... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Chronic venous insufficiency affects up to 25% of the general population and is the most common cause of edema or swelling of the lower extremities. Normal venous blood return to the heart requires competent venous valves, intermittent muscle contraction of the legs,... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Edema is defined as the accumulation of excessive amounts of fluid in the cells and tissues of the body and is relatively rare in children. It is usually generalized and dependent (i.e., fluid tends to accumulate in the most dependent areas, such as the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Lymphadenopathy, both localized and systemic, is an extremely common presenting symptom encountered by practicing pediatricians. To be considered enlarged, nodes must be at least 1 cm in cervical and axillary regions and
1.5 cm in the inguinal region. Most children have shotty... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Periorbital edema is frequently reported by parents via telephone. Unless the cause is obvious and benign, an immediate evaluation is warranted.
Differential Diagnosis
Periorbital cellulitis
–Also ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... The mechanism for periorbital and facial edema is similar to that for edema of the extremities. Thus, increased backpressure of the veins will cause periorbital edema in right heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, advanced pulmonary emphysema, and thrombosis or
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... Edema of the extremities is a common symptom. Most physicians, therefore, have an immediate working diagnosis when the patient walks into the office: congestive heart failure if the edema is bilateral and deep vein phlebitis if it is unilateral. Many times this is right. However, what
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Many of the conditions that cause splenomegaly also cause generalized lymphadenopathy. They are best recalled with the use of the mnemonic MINT.
LYMPHADENOPATHY,
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... A common sign in severely ill patients, generalized edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body. Its severity varies widely; slight edema may be difficult to detect, especially if the patient is obese, whereas massive edema is immediately apparent.
... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Lymphadenopathy — enlargement of one or more lymph nodes — may result from increased production of lymphocytes or reticuloendothelial cells or from infiltration of cells that aren’t normally present. This sign may be generalized ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
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... The result of excess interstitial fluid in the arm, arm edema may be unilateral or bilateral and may develop gradually or abruptly. It may be aggravated by immobility and alleviated by arm elevation and exercise.
Arm edema signals a localized... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations
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... Leg edema is a common sign that results when excess interstitial fluid accumulates in one or both legs. It may affect just the foot and ankle or extend to the thigh, and may be slight or dramatic, pitting or nonpitting.
Leg edema may result from... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations
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... Localized
Venous or lymphatic obstruction and/or insufficiency
Venous thrombosis
Baker's cyst
Tumor invasion or
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Benign
Infection
Bacterial (any)
Mycobacterial
Bartonella (cat-scratch
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Elevated Microvascular Pressure
Cardiogenic
Volume overload (especially when associated with low plasma oncotic pressure)
Neurogenic
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Signs and Symptoms Dyspnea; orthopnea; coughing; tachycardia; tachypnea; crackles; jugular vein distention; diastolic gallop; cyanosis; confusion; frothy, bloody sputum; cold, clammy skin
Treatment (Tx) Oxygen therapy, mechanical
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular spaces of the lung. In cardiogenic pulmonary edema, fluid accumulation results from elevations in pulmonary venous and capillary hydrostatic pressures. A common complication of... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A common sign in severely ill patients, generalized edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body. Its severity varies widely; slight edema may be difficult to detect, especially if the patient is obese, whereas massive edema... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Lymphadenopathy—enlargement of one or more lymph nodes—may result from increased production of lymphocytes or reticuloendothelial cells, or from infiltration of cells that aren’t normally present. This sign may be generalized ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The result of excess interstitial fluid in the arm, this type of edema may be unilateral or bilateral and may develop gradually or abruptly. It may be aggravated by immobility and alleviated by arm elevation and exercise.
Arm edema signals a localized fluid... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Facial edema refers to either localized swelling—around the eyes, for example—or more generalized facial swelling that may extend to the neck and upper arms. Occasionally painful, this sign may develop gradually or abruptly. Sometimes it precedes onset of peripheral or... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Leg edema is a common sign that results when excess interstitial fluid accumulates in one or both legs. It may affect just the foot and ankle or extend to the thigh, and may be slight or dramatic and pitting or nonpitting.
Leg edema... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling
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... Paul Evans and Michael P. Rowane
Edema is defined as a clinically apparent increase in interstitial fluid volume (1–3). A number of possible factors cause edema.
Approach The diagnostic process begins by determining if... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Jeffrey D. Harrison
Lymph nodes of abnormal size, consistency, or number define lymphadenopathy. Generalized lymphadenopathy refers to these abnormal nodes when they are found in two or more noncontiguous sites. Generalized lymphadenopathy should... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Laeth S. Nasir
Approach In clinical practice, the enlargement of a single lymph node or multiple contiguous lymph nodes is observed most commonly as a reaction to a well-defined process (e.g., impetigo or... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
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... Differential Overview
❑ Congestive heart failure
❑ Venous insufficiency
❑ Hypoalbuminemia
❑ Drugs
❑ Cirrhosis
... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Differential Overview
Generalized
❑ Infectious mononucleosis
❑ Drugs
❑ Connective tissue disease
❑ HIV... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... With pulmonary edema, fluid accumulates in the extravascular spaces of the lung. With cardiogenic pulmonary edema, fluid accumulation results from elevations in pulmonary venous and capillary hydrostatic pressures. A common complication of cardiac... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... A common sign in severely ill patients, generalized edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body. Its severity varies widely; slight edema may be difficult to detect, especially if the patient is obese, whereas massive edema is immediately... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Facial edema refers to either localized swelling — around the eyes, for example — or more generalized facial swelling that may extend to the neck and upper arms. Occasionally painful, this sign may develop gradually or abruptly. Sometimes it precedes onset of peripheral or... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A common sign in severely ill patients, generalized edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body. Its severity varies widely; slight edema may be difficult to detect, especially if the patient is obese, whereas massive edema is... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Lymphadenopathy — enlargement of one or more lymph nodes — may result from increased production of lymphocytes or reticuloendothelial cells, or from infiltration of cells that aren’t normally present. This sign may be generalized (involving... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The result of excess interstitial fluid in the arm, arm edema may be unilateral or bilateral and may develop gradually or abruptly. It may be aggravated by immobility and alleviated by arm elevation and exercise.
Arm edema signals a localized fluid imbalance... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Facial edema refers to either localized swelling — around the eyes, for example — or more generalized facial swelling that may extend to the neck and upper arms. Occasionally painful, this sign may develop gradually or abruptly. Sometimes it precedes the... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Leg edema is a common sign that results when excess interstitial fluid accumulates in one or both legs. It may affect just the foot and ankle or extend to the thigh and may be slight or dramatic, pitting or nonpitting.
Leg... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...Generalized edema—excessive accumulationof fluid in interstitial space—is usually obvious first inankles, lower legs, and eyelids. Principal Causes of Edema Disorderswith normal serum albumin Increased capillary permeability ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Table 17.1. Principal Causes of Hydrops Fetalis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Normal lymphnodes are discrete, nontender, and mobile without fixation to underlyingtissues. Normally palpable in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions. Bamji et al. (1986) reported that normallymph nodes have diameter of 3–12 mm in neonatal periodand 3&ndash... Principal Causes of Localized Lymphadenopathy ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Localized Lymphadenopathy ... Principal Causes of Generalized Lymphadenopathy ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Generalized Lymphadenopathy ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A common sign in severely ill patients, generalized edema is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body. Its severity varies widely; slight edema may be difficult to detect, especially if the patient is obese, whereas massive edema is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Lymphadenopathy—enlargement of one or more lymph nodes—may result from increased production of lymphocytes or reticuloendothelial cells or from infiltration of cells that aren't normally present. This sign may be generalized ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The result of excess interstitial fluid in the arm, arm edema may be unilateral or bilateral and may develop gradually or abruptly. It may be aggravated by immobility and alleviated by arm elevation and exercise.
Arm edema signals a localized fluid imbalance between... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Facial edema refers to either localized swelling—around the eyes, for example—or more generalized facial swelling that may extend to the neck and upper arms. Occasionally painful, this sign may develop gradually or abruptly. Sometimes it precedes the onset... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Leg edema is a common sign that results when excess interstitial fluid accumulates in one or both legs. It may affect just the foot and ankle or extend to the thigh, and may be slight or dramatic, pitting or nonpitting.
Leg edema may result... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The mechanism for periorbital and facial edema is similar to that for
edema of the extremities. Thus, increased backpressure of the veins will
cause periorbital edema in right heart failure, constrictive pericarditis,
advanced pulmonary... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Edema of the extremities is a common symptom. Most physicians,
therefore, have an immediate working diagnosis when the patient walks into
the office: Congestive heart failure (CHF) if the edema is bilateral and
deep vein phlebitis if it is... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Many of the conditions that cause splenomegaly also cause generalized
lymphadenopathy. They are best recalled with the use of the mnemonic
MINT.
M—Malformations include sickle cell anemia and other congenital ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Laura N. Sinai, MD Lymphedema - BASICS Lymphedema - description Accumulation of interstitial fluid in part of the body (usually an extremity) secondary to malformation or malfunction of the lymphatic system ... Lymphedema - DIAGNOSIS ... Lymphedema - TREATMENT ... Lymphedema - FOLLOW UP ... Lymphedema - bibliography ... Lymphedema - CODES ... Lymphedema - FAQ
... READ EXCERPTS »
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