As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism, type 1 may be found in:
Hyperemesis gravidarum
–Pathologic exaggeration of early-pregnancy
nausea
–Elevated β-hCG and estrogen levels
-
Adrenal insufficiency
–Anorexia, nausea, and fatigue are common
-
Anorexia nervosa
–May present with low albumin, parotid enlargement, lesions on knuckles and diminished tooth enamel from induced vomiting, and menstrual irregularities
-
Failure to thrive (infants)
–Parental neglect, emotional deprivation
–Improper mixing of formula
–Significant heart (shunts) or lung disease
–Inborn errors of metabolism
-
Intestinal parasites
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Weight Loss:
Differential Diagnosis
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
- Infectious
–The most common cause overall and can be divided into acute and chronic
–Gastroenteritis most common infection
–May be viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic
–Estimated 21–37 million episodes a year in
children under 5
–Others include strep, osteomyelitis, EBV, TB
-
Psychiatric/psychosocial
–Anorexia nervosa
–Bulimia
–Depression
–Rumination
–Drugs: Cocaine, amphetamines, laxatives
-
Gastrointestinal disorders
–Gastroesophageal reflux disease
–Inflammatory bowel disease
–Hepatitis
–Pancreatitis
–Pancreatic insufficiency (e.g., CF,
Shwachman syndrome)
–Celiac disease
–Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency
–Fat malabsorption: Abetalipoproteinemia
–Protein malabsorption: Hartnup disease
–Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
-
Nutritional
–Dieting; inadequate caloric intake
–Iron deficiency
–Zinc deficiency
–Neglect
-
Metabolic/endocrine
–Diabetes mellitus
–Diabetes insipidus
–Addison disease
–Hyperthyroidism
–Hypopituitarism
-
Malignancy
-
HIV
-
Acute/chronic renal failure
-
Inflammatory
–Systemic lupus erythematosus
–Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
–Sarcoidosis
-
Neurologic
–Increased ICP: Pseudotumor cerebri, mass
-
Cardiopulmonary
–Cystic fibrosis
–Congenital heart disease
–Congestive heart failure
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Low birth weight:
Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
This section lists some fetal and placental causes of low birth weight as well as the associated signs and symptoms pres-ent in the neonate at birth.
Chromosomal aberrations
Abnormalities in the number, size, or configuration of chromosomes can cause low birth weight and possibly multiple congenital anomalies in a premature or SGA neonate
For example, a neonate with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) may be SGA and have prominent epicanthal folds, a flat-bridged nose, a protruding tongue, palmar simian creases, muscular hypotonia, and an umbilical hernia.
Cytomegalovirus infection
Although low birth weight in cytomegalovirus infection is usually associated with premature birth, the neonate may be SGA
Assessment at birth may reveal these classic signs: petechiae and ecchymoses, jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly, which increases for several days. The neonate may also have a high fever, lymphadenopathy, tachypnea, and dyspnea, along with prolonged bleeding at puncture sites.
Placental dysfunction
Low birth weight and a wasted appearance occur in an SGA neonate
He may be symmetrically short or may appear relatively long for his low weight. Additional findings reflect the underlying cause. For example, if maternal hyperparathyroidism caused placental dysfunction, the neonate may exhibit muscle jerking and twitching, carpopedal spasm, ankle clonus, vomiting, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Rubella (congenital)
Usually, the low-birth-weight neonate with this congenital rubellais born at term but is SGA
A characteristic “blueberry muffin” rash accompanies cataracts, purpuric lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, and a large anterior fontanel
Abnormal heart sounds, if present, vary with the type of associated congenital heart defect.
Varicella (congenital)
Low birth weight is accompanied by cataracts and skin vesicles.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Low birth weight:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
This section lists some fetal and placental causes of low birth weight as well as the associated signs and symptoms present in the neonate at birth.
Chromosomal aberrations
Abnormalities in the number, size, or configuration of chromosomes can cause low birth weight and possibly multiple congenital anomalies in a premature or SGA neonate. For example, a neonate with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) may be SGA and have prominent epicanthal folds, a flat-bridged nose, a protruding tongue, palmar simian creases, muscular hypotonia, and an umbilical hernia.
Cytomegalovirus infection
Although low birth weight in this disorder is usually associated with premature birth, some neonates may be SGA. Assessment at birth may reveal these classic signs: petechiae and ecchymoses, jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly, which increases for several days. The neonate may also have a high fever, lymphadenopathy, tachypnea, and dyspnea, along with prolonged bleeding at puncture sites.
Placental dysfunction
Low birth weight and a wasted appearance occur in an SGA neonate. The neonate may be symmetrically short or may appear relatively long for his low weight. Additional findings reflect the underlying cause. For example, if maternal hyperparathyroidism caused placental dysfunction, the neonate may exhibit muscle jerking and twitching, carpopedal spasm, ankle clonus, vomiting, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Rubella (congenital)
Usually, the low-birth-weight neonate with this disease is born at term but is SGA. A characteristic “blueberry muffin” rash accompanies cataracts, purpuric lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, and a large anterior fontanel. Abnormal heart sounds, if present, vary with the type of associated congenital heart defect.
Toxoplasmosis (congenital)
The low-birth-weight neonate may be either premature or SGA and may have hydrocephalus or microcephalus. Associated findings include fever, seizures, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice, and rash. Other defects, which may occur months or years later, include strabismus, blindness, epilepsy, and mental retardation.
Varicella (congenital)
Low birth weight is accompanied by cataracts and skin vesicles.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Low birth weight:
Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
This section lists some fetal and placental causes of low birth weight as well as the associated signs and symptoms present in the neonate at birth.
Chromosomal aberrations.Abnormalities in the number, size, or configuration of chromosomes can cause low birth weight and possibly multiple congenital anomalies in a premature or SGA neonate. For example, a neonate with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) may be SGA and have prominent epicanthal folds, a flat-bridged nose, a protruding tongue, palmar simian creases, muscular hypotonia, and an umbilical hernia.
Cytomegalovirus infection.Although low birth weight in cytomegalovirus infection is usually associated with premature birth, the neonate may be SGA. Assessment at birth may reveal these classic signs: petechiae and ecchymoses, jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly, which increases for several days. The neonate may also have a high fever, lymphadenopathy, tachypnea, and dyspnea, along with prolonged bleeding at puncture sites.
Placental dysfunction.With placental dysfunction, low birth weight and a wasted appearance occur in an SGA neonate. He may be symmetrically short or may appear relatively long for his low weight. Additional findings reflect the underlying cause. For example, if maternal hyperparathyroidism caused placental dysfunction, the neonate may exhibit muscle jerking and twitching, carpopedal spasm, ankle clonus, vomiting, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
Rubella (congenital).Usually, the low-birth-weight neonate with congenital rubella is born at term but is SGA. A characteristic “blueberry muffin” rash accompanies cataracts, purpuric lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, and a large anterior fontanel. Abnormal heart sounds, if present, vary with the type of associated congenital heart defect.
Varicella (congenital).With congenital varicella, low birth weight is accompanied by cataracts and skin vesicles.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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