ELDER TIP Because their thirst mechanism functions less effectively, older adults may not report polydipsia, a hallmark of diabetes in younger adults.
In ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome, dehydration may cause hypovolemia and shock. Wasting of glucose in the urine usually produces weight loss and hunger in type 1 diabetes, even if the patient eats voraciously.
Long-term effects of diabetes may include retinopathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, and peripheral and autonomic neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy usually affects the hands and feet and may cause numbness or pain. Autonomic neuropathy may manifest itself in several ways, including gastroparesis (leading to delayed gastric emptying and a feeling of nausea and fullness after meals), nocturnal diarrhea, impotence, and orthostatic hypotension.
Because hyperglycemia impairs the patient’s resistance to infection, diabetes may result in skin and urinary tract infections (UTIs) and vaginitis. Glucose content of the epidermis and urine encourages bacterial growth.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Diabetic complications during pregnancy:
Signs and symptoms
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Indications for diagnostic screening for maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy include obesity, excessive weight gain, excessive hunger or thirst, polyuria, recurrent monilial infections, glycosuria, previous delivery of a large neonate, polyhydramnios, maternal hypertension, and a family history of diabetes.
Uncontrolled diabetes in a pregnant female can cause stillbirth, fetal anomalies, premature delivery, and birth of a neonate who’s large or small for gestational age. Such neonates are predisposed to severe episodes of hypoglycemia shortly after birth and may also develop hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and respiratory distress syndrome.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Diabetic ketoacidosis:
Signs and Symptoms
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Acetone breath, Kussmaul’s respirations, dehydration, weak and thready pulse, nausea, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, dry mucous membranes, serum glucose level of 300 to 1,500 mg/dl
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Hereditary fructose intolerance:
Signs and symptoms
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Typically, clinical features of hereditary fructose intolerance appear shortly after dietary introduction of foods containing fructose or sucrose. Symptoms are more severe in infants than in older people and include hypoglycemia, nausea, vomiting, pallor, excessive sweating, cyanosis, and tremor. In neonates and young children, continuous ingestion of foods containing fructose may result in failure to thrive, hypoglycemia, jaundice, hyperbilirubinemia, ascites, hepatomegaly, vomiting, dehydration, hypophosphatemia, albuminuria, aminoaciduria, seizures, coma, febrile episodes, substernal pain, and anemia.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Protein-calorie malnutrition:
Signs and symptoms
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Children with chronic PCM are small for their chronological age and tend to be physically inactive, mentally apathetic, and susceptible to frequent infections. Anorexia and diarrhea are common.
In acute PCM, children are small, gaunt, and emaciated, with no adipose tissue. Skin is dry and “baggy,” and hair is sparse and dull brown or reddish-yellow. Temperature is low; pulse rate and respirations are slowed. Such children are weak, irritable, and usually hungry, although they may have anorexia, with nausea and vomiting.
Unlike marasmus, chronic kwashiorkor allows the patient to grow in height, but adipose tissue diminishes as fat metabolizes to meet energy demands. Edema often masks severe muscle wasting; dry, peeling skin and hepatomegaly are common. Patients with secondary PCM show signs similar to marasmus, primarily loss of adipose tissue and lean body mass, lethargy, and edema. Severe secondary PCM may cause loss of immunocompetence.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Cholelithiasis and related disorders:
Signs and symptoms
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Although gallbladder disease may produce no symptoms, acute cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholesterolosis produce the symptoms of a classic gallbladder attack. Attacks usually follow meals rich in fats or may occur at night, suddenly awakening the patient. They begin with acute abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant that may radiate to the back, between the shoulders, or to the front of the chest; the pain may be so severe that the patient seeks emergency department care. Other features may include recurring fat intolerance, biliary colic, belching, flatulence, indigestion, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting, chills, low-grade fever, jaundice (if a stone obstructs the common bile duct), and clay-colored stools (with choledocholithiasis).
Clinical features of cholangitis include a rise in eosinophils, jaundice, abdominal pain, high fever, and chills; biliary cirrhosis may produce jaundice, related itching, weakness, fatigue, slight weight loss, and abdominal pain. Gallstone ileus produces signs and symptoms of small-bowel obstruction — nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, and absent bowel sounds if the bowel is completely obstructed. Its most telling symptom is intermittent recurrence of colicky pain over several days.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Diabetes insipidus:
Signs and symptoms
(Handbook of Diseases)
The patient’s history typically shows an abrupt onset of extreme polyuria (usually 4 to 16 L/day of dilute urine, but sometimes as much as 30 L/day). As a result, the patient is extremely thirsty and drinks great quantities of water to compensate for the body’s water loss. This disorder may also result in hourly nocturia.
If the patient is unable to obtain adequate quantities of water, features of diabetes insipidus include signs and symptoms of dehydration (poor tissue turgor, dry mucous membranes, constipation, muscle weakness, dizziness, and hypotension). Polyuria usually begins abruptly, commonly appearing within 1 to 2 days after a basal skull fracture, a stroke, or surgery.
Relieving cerebral edema or increased intracranial pressure may cause all of these symptoms to subside just as rapidly as they began.
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Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Diabetes mellitus:
Signs and symptoms
(Handbook of Diseases)
Diabetes may begin dramatically with ketoacidosis in type 1 or insidiously. Its most common symptom is fatigue, from energy deficiency and a catabolic state. However, many patients with type 2 diabetes may be asymptomatic.
Insulin deficiency or resistance causes hyperglycemia, which pulls fluid from body tissues, causing osmotic diuresis, polyuria, dehydration, polydipsia, dry mucous membranes, and poor skin turgor. In ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic state, dehydration may cause hypovolemia and shock. Wasting of glucose in the urine usually produces weight loss and hunger in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes, even if the patient eats voraciously.
Long-term effects
In diabetes, long-term effects may include retinopathy, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, and peripheral and autonomic neuropathy.
Peripheral neuropathy usually affects the hands and feet and may cause numbness or pain. Autonomic neuropathy may manifest itself in several ways, including gastroparesis (leading to delayed gastric emptying and a feeling of nausea and fullness after meals), nocturnal diarrhea, impotence, and postural hypotension.
Because hyperglycemia impairs the patient’s resistance to infection, diabetes may result in skin and urinary tract infections and vaginitis. Glucose content of the epidermis and urine encourages bacterial growth.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Diabetic complications during pregnancy:
Signs and symptoms
(Handbook of Diseases)
All women should receive diagnostic screening for maternal diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Women at higher risk or with a history of gestational diabetes, fetal or birth problems, may warrant early screening in the second trimester using a formal glucose tolerance test.
Uncontrolled diabetes in a pregnant woman can cause stillbirth, fetal anomalies, premature delivery, and birth of an infant who is large or small for gestational age. Such infants are predisposed to severe episodes of hypoglycemia shortly after birth. These infants may also develop hypocalcemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and respiratory distress syndrome.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Protein-calorie malnutrition:
Signs and symptoms
(Handbook of Diseases)
Children with chronic protein-calorie malnutritioin are small for their chronological age and tend to be physically inactive, mentally apathetic, and susceptible to frequent infections. Anorexia and diarrhea are common.
With acute protein-calorie malnutrition, children are small, gaunt, and emaciated, with no adipose tissue. Their skin is dry and “baggy,” and their hair is sparse and dull brown or reddish yellow. Their temperatures are low; their pulse rates and respirations, slowed. Such children are weak, irritable, and usually hungry; however, they may have anorexia, with nausea and vomiting.
Unlike marasmus, chronic kwashi-orkor allows the patient to grow in height, but adipose tissue diminishes as fat metabolizes to meet energy demands. Edema commonly masks severe muscle wasting; dry, peeling skin and hepatomegaly are common. Patients with secondary protein-calorie malnutrition show signs similar to marasmus, primarily loss of adipose tissue and lean body mass, lethargy, and edema. Severe secondary protein-calorie malnutrition may cause loss of immunocompetence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and related disorders:
Signs and symptoms
(Handbook of Diseases)
Although gallbladder disease may produce no symptoms, acute cholelithiasis, acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and cholesterolosis all produce the symptoms of a classic gallbladder attack. Such attacks commonly follow meals rich in fats or may occur at night, suddenly awakening the patient.
A gallbladder attack may begin with acute abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant that may radiate to the back, between the shoulders, or to the front of the chest. The pain may be so severe that the patient seeks emergency care.
Other signs and symptoms include recurring fat intolerance, biliary colic, belching, flatulence, indigestion, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting, chills, low-grade fever, jaundice (if a stone obstructs the common bile duct), and clay-colored stool (with choledocholithiasis).
Signs and symptoms of cholangitis include a rise in eosinophils, jaundice, abdominal pain, high fever, and chills. Biliary cirrhosis may produce jaundice, related itching, weakness, fatigue, slight weight loss, and abdominal pain. Gallstone ileus produces signs and symptoms of small-bowel obstruction —nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, and absent bowel sounds if the bowel is completely obstructed. Its most telling sign is intermittent recurrence of colicky pain over several days.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
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About signs and symptoms of Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus:
The symptom information on this page
attempts to provide a list of some possible signs and symptoms of Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus.
This signs and symptoms information for Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus has been gathered from various sources,
may not be fully accurate,
and may not be the full list of Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus signs or Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus symptoms.
Furthermore, signs and symptoms of Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus may vary on an individual basis for each patient.
Only your doctor can provide adequate diagnosis of any signs or symptoms and whether they
are indeed Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus symptoms.
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