Causes of Pick's Disease
Pick's Disease Causes: Book Excerpts
What causes Pick's Disease?
Causes: Pick's Disease:
The cause of the disease is unknown.
(Source: excerpt from NINDS Pick's Disease Information Page: NINDS)
Related information on causes of Pick's Disease:
As with all medical conditions,
there may be many causal factors.
Further relevant information on causes of Pick's Disease may be found in:
Causes of Pick's Disease: Online Medical Books
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for more information about the causes of Pick's Disease.
Aphasia:
Differential Diagnosis
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
- Stroke is the most common cause of aphasia
–Sudden onset suggests cerebral embolization from a cardiac (e.g., endocarditis, atrial fibrillation) or carotid artery source
–A stuttering onset suggests in situ arterial thrombosis
-
Less common etiologies include Alzheimer's dementia, postconcussion syndrome, Rasmussen's encephalitis, nonconvulsive status epilepticus, dissociative state, subdural hematoma, trauma, severe hypoglycemia, sedative-hypnotic drug intoxication, sensorineural hearing loss, herpes encephalitis, and tertiary syphilis
Types of aphasias
-
Receptive (Wernicke's) aphasia
–Inability to name objects, follow written or spoken commands, and repeat
–Verbal (semantic, neologistic) errors are abundant; however, speech is fluent
–Localized to the dominant posterior
superior temporal lobe
- Expressive (Broca's) aphasia
–Stuttering, nonfluent speech with literal (phonemic) errors; however, comprehension is preserved
–Repetition is poor, but naming is preserved
–Associated with hemiparesis
–Localized to the inferior lateral dominant
frontal lobe
-
Anomic aphasia
–Isolated inability to name a seen object
–Localized to the angular gyrus
-
Conduction aphasia
–Isolated inability to repeat
–Localized to the arcuate fasiculus (white matter band connecting Wernicke to Broca areas)
-
Transcortical sensory aphasia
–Similar to Wernicke's aphasia, except for preserved repetition
–Localized to the superior posterior temporal lobe
- Transcortical motor aphasia
–Similar to Broca's aphasia, but with preserved repetition, including urinary incontinence, echolalia (aimlessly repeating other's spoken words)
–Localized to medial dominant frontal lobe
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Aphasia [Dysphasia]:
Medical causes
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
❑ Alzheimer’s disease. With Alzheimer’s, a degenerative disease, anomic aphasia may begin insidiously and then progress to severe global aphasia. Associated signs and symptoms include behavioral changes, loss of memory, poor judgment, restlessness, myoclonus, and muscle rigidity. Incontinence is usually a late sign.
❑ Brain abscess. Any type of aphasia may occur with brain abscess. Usually, aphasia develops insidiously and may be accompanied by hemiparesis, ataxia, facial weakness, and signs of increased ICP.
❑ Brain tumor. A brain tumor may cause any type of aphasia. As the tumor enlarges, other aphasias may occur along with behavioral changes, memory loss, motor weakness, seizures, auditory hallucinations, visual field deficits, and increased ICP.
❑ Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms, such as myoclonic jerking, ataxia, aphasia, visual disturbances, and paralysis. It generally affects adults ages 40 to 65.
❑ Encephalitis. Encephalitis usually produces transient aphasia. Its early signs and symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting. Seizures, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiparesis, asymmetrical deep tendon reflexes, positive Babinski’s reflex, ataxia, myoclonus, nystagmus, ocular palsies, and facial weakness may accompany aphasia.
❑ Head trauma. Any type of aphasia may accompany severe head trauma; typically, it occurs suddenly and may be transient or permanent, depending on the extent of brain damage. Associated signs and symptoms include blurred or double vision, headache, pallor, diaphoresis, numbness and paresis, cerebrospinal otorrhea or rhinorrhea, altered respirations, tachycardia, disorientation, behavioral changes, and signs of increased ICP.
❑ Seizures. Seizures and the postictal state may cause transient aphasia if the seizures involve the language centers.
❑ Stroke. The most common cause of aphasia, stroke may produce Wernicke’s, Broca’s, or global aphasia. Associated findings include decreased LOC, right-sided hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopsia, paresthesia, and loss of sensation. (These signs and symptoms may appear on the left side if the right hemisphere contains the language centers.)
❑ Transient ischemic attack. Transient ischemic attacks can produce any type of aphasia, which occurs suddenly and resolves within 24 hours of the attack. Associated signs and symptoms include transient hemiparesis, hemianopsia, and paresthesia (all usually right-sided), dizziness, and confusion.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Aphasia [Dysphasia]:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Alzheimer’s disease
In this degenerative disease, anomic aphasia may begin insidiously and then progress to severe global aphasia. Associated signs and symptoms include behavioral changes, loss of memory, poor judgment, restlessness, myoclonus, and muscle rigidity. Incontinence is usually a late sign.
Brain abscess
A brain abscess may cause any type of aphasia. Aphasia usually develops insidiously and may be accompanied by hemiparesis, ataxia, facial weakness, and signs of increased ICP.
Brain tumor
A brain tumor may cause any type of aphasia. As the tumor enlarges, other types of aphasia may occur along with behavioral changes, memory loss, motor weakness, seizures, auditory hallucinations, visual field deficits, and increased ICP.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms, such as myoclonic jerking, ataxia, aphasia, visual disturbances, and paralysis. It generally affects adults ages 40 to 65.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis usually produces transient aphasia. Its early signs and symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting. Seizures, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiparesis, asymmetrical deep tendon reflexes, positive Babinski’s reflex, ataxia, myoclonus, nystagmus, ocular palsies, and facial weakness may accompany aphasia.
Head trauma
Severe head trauma may cause any type of aphasia, which typically occurs suddenly and may be transient or permanent, depending on the extent of brain damage. Associated signs and symptoms include blurred or double vision, headache, pallor, diaphoresis, numbness and paresis, cerebrospinal otorrhea or rhinorrhea, altered respirations, tachycardia, disorientation, behavioral changes, and signs of increased ICP.
Seizures
Seizures and the postictal state may cause transient aphasia if the seizures involve the language centers.
Stroke
The most common cause of aphasia, stroke may produce Wernicke’s, Broca’s, or global aphasia. Associated findings include decreased LOC, right-sided hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia, paresthesia, and loss of sensation. (These signs and symptoms may appear on the left side if the right hemisphere contains the language centers.)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
TIA can produce any type of aphasia, which occurs suddenly and resolves within 24 hours of the attack. Associated signs and symptoms include transient hemiparesis, hemianopia, and paresthesia (all usually right-sided) as well as dizziness and confusion.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Apraxia:
Medical causes
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease sometimes causes gradual and irreversible ideomotor apraxia. It can also cause amnesia, anomia, decreased attention span, apathy, aphasia, restlessness, agitation, paranoid delusions, incontinence, social withdrawal, ataxia, and tremors.
Brain abscess
Apraxia occasionally results from a large brain abscess but usually resolves spontaneously after the infection subsides. Depending on the location of the abscess, apraxia may be accompanied by headache, fever, drowsiness, decreased mental acuity, aphasia, dysarthria, hemiparesis, hyperreflexia, incontinence, focal or generalized seizures, and ocular disturbances, such as nystagmus, visual field deficits, and unequal pupils.
Brain tumor
In a brain tumor, progressive apraxia may be preceded by decreased mental acuity, headache, dizziness, and seizures. It may occur with or directly after early signs of increased ICP, such as pupil changes. It may also occur with other localizing signs and symptoms of the tumor, such as aphasia, dysarthria, visual field deficits, weakness, stiffness, and hyperreflexia in the extremities.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy may cause gradual onset of constructional apraxia, which may be reversible with treatment. Early associated signs and symptoms include disorientation, amnesia, slurred speech, dysarthria, asterixis, and lethargy. Later signs include hyperreflexia, positive Babinski’s reflex, agitation, seizures, fetor hepaticus, stupor, and coma.
Stroke
Stroke commonly causes sudden onset of apraxia, which typically resolves spontaneously but may persist. Associated signs and symptoms vary according to the affected artery but can include headache, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiplegia, unilateral or bilateral visual field deficits, aphasia, agnosia, dysarthria, and urinary incontinence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Aphasia/Dysarthria:
Differential Overview
(Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis)
Aphasia (Central)
❑ Broca
❑ Wernicke
❑ Conduction
❑ Anomic
❑ Global
❑ Motor aphasia
❑ Pure word deafness
❑ Alexia without agraphia
❑ Alexia with agraphia
Dysarthria (Peripheral)
❑ Bulbar
❑ Parkinson
❑ Multiple sclerosis
❑ Tongue infiltration
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Field Guide to Bedside Diagnosis, 2007
Aphasia:
Medical causes
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
Alzheimer’s disease
With Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative disease, anomic aphasia may begin insidiously and then progress to severe global aphasia. Associated signs and symptoms include behavioral changes, memory loss, poor judgment, restlessness, myoclonus, and muscle rigidity. Incontinence is usually a late sign.
Brain abscess
Any type of aphasia may occur with brain abscess. Usually, aphasia develops insidiously and may be accompanied by hemiparesis, ataxia, facial weakness, and signs of increased ICP.
Brain tumor
A brain tumor may cause any type of aphasia. As the tumor enlarges, other aphasias may occur along with behavioral changes, memory loss, motor weakness, seizures, auditory hallucinations, visual field deficits, and increased ICP.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is a rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms, such as myoclonic jerking, ataxia, aphasia, vision disturbances, and paralysis. It generally affects adults ages 40 to 65.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis usually produces transient aphasia. Its early signs and symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting. Seizures, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiparesis, asymmetrical deep tendon reflexes, positive Babinski’s reflex, ataxia, myoclonus, nystagmus, ocular palsies, and facial weakness may accompany aphasia.
Head trauma
Any type of aphasia may accompany severe head trauma, which occurs suddenly and may be transient or permanent, depending on the extent of brain damage. Associated signs and symptoms include blurred or double vision, headache, pallor, diaphoresis, numbness and paresis, cerebrospinal otorrhea or rhinorrhea, altered respirations, tachycardia, disorientation, behavioral changes, and signs of increased ICP.
Seizures
Seizures and the postictal state may cause transient aphasia if the seizures involve the language centers.
Stroke
The most common cause of aphasia, stroke may produce Wernicke’s, Broca’s, or global aphasia. Associated findings include decreased LOC, right-sided hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia, paresthesia, and loss of sensation. (These signs and symptoms may appear on the left side if the right hemisphere contains the language centers.)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
A TIA can produce any type of aphasia, which occurs suddenly and resolves within 24 hours of the TIA. Associated signs and symptoms include transient hemiparesis, hemianopia, and paresthesia (all usually right-sided), dizziness, and confusion.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Apraxia:
Medical causes
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
See Apraxia: Causes and associated findings.
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease sometimes causes gradual and irreversible ideomotor apraxia. It can also cause amnesia, anomia, decreased attention span, apathy, aphasia, restlessness, agitation, paranoid delusions, incontinence, social withdrawal, ataxia, and tremors.
Brain abscess
Apraxia occasionally results from a large brain abscess; it typically resolves spontaneously after the infection subsides. Depending on the location of the abscess, apraxia may be accompanied by headache, fever, drowsiness, decreased mental acuity, aphasia, dysarthria, hemiparesis, hyperreflexia, incontinence, focal or generalized seizures, and ocular disturbances, such as nystagmus, visual field deficits, and unequal pupils.
Brain tumor
With a brain tumor, progressive apraxia may be preceded by decreased mental acuity, headache, dizziness, and seizures. It may occur with or directly after pupil changes or other early signs of increased ICP. Apraxia may also accompany other localizing signs and symptoms of the tumor, such as aphasia, dysarthria, visual field deficits, weakness, stiffness, and hyperreflexia in the extremities.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy may cause a gradual onset of constructional apraxia, which may be reversible with treatment. Early associated signs and symptoms include disorientation, amnesia, slurred speech, dysarthria, asterixis, and lethargy. Later signs include hyperreflexia, positive Babinski’s reflex, agitation, seizures, fetor hepaticus, stupor, and coma.
Stroke
The onset of apraxia is typically sudden in stroke; it commonly resolves spontaneously, but may persist in some patients. Associated signs and symptoms vary according to the affected artery, but can include headache, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiplegia, unilateral or bilateral visual field deficits, aphasia, agnosia, dysarthria, and urinary incontinence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Aphasia:
Medical causes
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Alzheimer’s disease
With Alzheimer’s disease, a degenerative disease, anomic aphasia may begin insidiously and then progress to severe global aphasia. Associated signs and symptoms include behavioral changes, loss of memory, poor judgment, restlessness, myoclonus, and muscle rigidity. Incontinence is usually a late sign.
Brain abscess
Any type of aphasia may occur with brain abscess. Usually, aphasia develops insidiously and may be accompanied by hemiparesis, ataxia, facial weakness, and signs of increased ICP.
Brain tumor
A brain tumor may cause any type of aphasia. As the tumor enlarges, other aphasias may occur along with behavioral changes, memory loss, motor weakness, seizures, auditory hallucinations, visual field deficits, and increased ICP.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms, such as myoclonic jerking, ataxia, aphasia, vision disturbances, and paralysis. It generally affects adults ages 40 to 65.
Encephalitis
Encephalitis usually produces transient aphasia. Its early signs and symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting. Seizures, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiparesis, asymmetrical deep tendon reflexes, positive Babinski’s reflex, ataxia, myoclonus, nystagmus, ocular palsies, and facial weakness may accompany aphasia.
Head trauma
Any type of aphasia may accompany severe head trauma; typically, aphasia occurs suddenly and may be transient or permanent, depending on the extent of brain damage. Associated signs and symptoms include blurred or double vision, headache, pallor, diaphoresis, numbness and paresis, cerebrospinal otorrhea or rhinorrhea, altered respirations, tachycardia, behavioral changes, and increased ICP.
Seizures
Seizures and the postictal state may cause a transient aphasia if the seizures involve the language centers.
Stroke
The most common cause of aphasia, stroke may also produce Wernicke’s, Broca’s, or global aphasia. Associated findings include decreased LOC, right-sided hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia, paresthesia, and loss of sensation. These signs and symptoms may appear on the left side if the right hemisphere contains the language centers. (See Associated disorder: Stroke.)
Transient ischemic attack
Transient ischemic attacks can produce any type of aphasia, which occurs suddenly and resolves within 24 hours of the attack. Associated signs and symptoms include transient hemiparesis, hemianopia, and paresthesia (all usually right-sided), dizziness, and confusion.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Apraxia:
Medical causes
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease sometimes causes gradual and irreversible ideomotor apraxia. It can also cause amnesia, anomia, decreased attention span, apathy, aphasia, restlessness, agitation, paranoid delusions, incontinence, social withdrawal, ataxia, and tremors.
Brain abscess
Apraxia occasionally results from a large brain abscess but usually resolves spontaneously after the infection subsides. Depending on the location of the abscess, apraxia may be accompanied by headache, fever, drowsiness, decreased mental acuity, aphasia, dysarthria, hemiparesis, hyperreflexia, incontinence, focal or generalized seizures, and ocular disturbances, such as nystagmus, visual field deficits, and unequal pupils.
Brain tumor
With a brain tumor, progressive apraxia may be preceded by decreased mental acuity, headache, dizziness, and seizures. It may occur with or directly after early signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as pupil changes. It may also occur with other localizing signs and symptoms of the tumor, such as aphasia, dysarthria, visual field deficits, weakness, stiffness, and hyperreflexia in the extremities.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy may cause gradual onset of constructional apraxia, which may be reversible with treatment. Early associated signs and symptoms include disorientation, amnesia, slurred speech, dysarthria, asterixis, and lethargy. Later signs include hyperreflexia, positive Babinski’s reflex, agitation, seizures, fetor hepaticus, stupor, and coma.
Stroke
Stroke commonly causes sudden onset of apraxia, which usually resolves spontaneously but may persist. Associated signs and symptoms vary according to the affected artery but can include headache, confusion, coma, hemiplegia, unilateral or bilateral visual field deficits, aphasia, agnosia, dysarthria, and urinary incontinence.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Aphasia [Dysphasia]:
Medical causes
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
Alzheimer's disease.With Alzheimer's disease, anomic aphasia may begin insidiously and then progress to severe global aphasia. Associated signs and symptoms include behavioral changes, loss of memory, poor judgment, restlessness, myoclonus, and muscle rigidity. Incontinence is usually a late sign.
Brain abscess.Any type of aphasia may occur with brain abscess. Usually, aphasia develops insidiously and may be accompanied by hemiparesis, ataxia, facial weakness, and signs of increased ICP.
Brain tumor.A brain tumor may cause any type of aphasia. As the tumor enlarges, aphasia may occur along with behavioral changes, memory loss, motor weakness, seizures, auditory hallucinations, visual field deficits, and increased ICP.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a rapidly progressive dementia accompanied by neurologic signs and symptoms, such as myoclonic jerking, ataxia, aphasia, visual disturbances, and paralysis. It generally affects adults ages 40 to 65.
Encephalitis.Encephalitis usually produces transient aphasia. Its early signs and symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting. Seizures, confusion, stupor or coma, hemiparesis, asymmetrical deep tendon reflexes, positive Babinski's reflex, ataxia, myoclonus, nystagmus, ocular palsies, and facial weakness may accompany aphasia.
Head trauma.Any type of aphasia may accompany severe head trauma; typically, it occurs suddenly and may be transient or permanent, depending on the extent of brain injury. Associated signs and symptoms include blurred or double vision, headache, pallor, diaphoresis, numbness and paresis, cerebrospinal otorrhea or rhinorrhea, altered respirations, tachycardia, disorientation, behavioral changes, and signs of increased ICP.
Seizures.Seizures and the postictal state may cause transient aphasia if the seizures involve the language centers.
Stroke.The most common cause of aphasia, stroke may produce Wernicke's, Broca's, or global aphasia. Associated findings include decreased LOC, hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopsia, paresthesia, and loss of sensation. Severe hypertension may also be present.
Transient ischemic attack.Transient ischemic attacks can produce any type of aphasia, which occurs suddenly and resolves within 24 hours of the attack. Associated signs and symptoms include transient hemiparesis, hemianopsia, and paresthesia (all usually right-sided), dizziness, and confusion.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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