What is Plague?
What is Plague?
- Plague: A rare but serious bacterial infection involving the bacterium Yersinia Pestis which can be carried by rodents and transmitted to humans by flea bites or through direct contact with an infected animal.
- Plague: The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.
Source - Diseases Database
- Plague: a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat flea (especially bubonic plague).
Source - WordNet 2.1
Plague is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Plague, or a subtype of Plague,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Source - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Ophanet, a consortium of European partners,
currently defines a condition rare when it affects 1 person per 2,000.
They list Plague as a "rare disease".
Source - Orphanet
Plague: Introduction
Types of Plague:
Types of Plague:
Broader types of Plague:
How many people get Plague?
Incidence (annual) of Plague: 9 annual cases of plague notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999)
Incidence Rate of Plague: approx 1 in 30,222,221 or 0.00% or 9 people in USA [about data]
Prevalance of Plague:
In the U.S., 1
to 40 cases reported annually (avg = 13 cases) by western states, 1971-1995
Worldwide, 2861
cases reported by 10 countries to WHO in 1995
SEQUELAE
- Rare, consequences
of disseminated intravascular coagulation, lung damage
- Mortality 50-90%
if untreated; 15% when diagnosed and treated
COSTS
TRANSMISSION
- Flea-borne, from
infected rodents to humans
- Direct contact
with infected tissues or fluids from handling sick or dead animals
- Respiratory droplets
from cats and humans with pneumonic plague
RESERVOIRS
- Primarily wild
rodents in U.S. (especially rock squirrels, ground squirrels, prairie
dogs, other burrowing rodents)
- Commensal rats
may be important elsewhere
RISK GROUPS
- In the U.S., persons
exposed to rodent fleas, wild rodents, or other susceptible animals
in enzootic areas of western states
- Most cases occur
in southwestern states of NM, AZ, CO, and in CA
- Highest rates in
Native Americans, especially Navajos; other risk groups: hunters; veterinarians
and pet owners handling infected cats; campers or hikers entering areas
with outbreaks of animal plague
SURVEILLANCE
- National Notifiable
Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) for animal plague surveillance,
for reports of human cases, and laboratory testing of fleas, animal
tissues and serum specimens, and serosurveys of carnivores
- CDC, Fort Collins,
is a WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Plague Control,
and reports all human plague cases in the U.S. to WHO
OPPORTUNITIES
- Increased self-sufficiency
of state and county public health labs
- Expanded active
surveillance through carnivore serosurveys and application of geographic
information systems (GIS) to surveillance programs
- Increased education
of public and health professionals
- Collaborative applied
research on plague prevention and control with other federal, state,
and local health agencies, including application of GIS to surveillance
RESEARCH
- Ecology-based prevention
and control strategies
- Improved diagnostic
reagents and methods
- Development of
potential vaccine candidates
- Risk factor identification
using landscape ecology and epidemiology
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P. (Source: excerpt from Plague Epidemiology: DVBID_1)
...
Annually, 140 cases of plague were reported (average 13 cases)
by western states in 19711995. (Source: excerpt from Facts About Plague: CDC-OC)
Who gets Plague?
Geography Profile for Plague: In the United States,
health care workers report cases of plague even today, most of which are
found in the Southwest. (Source: excerpt from Microbes in Sickness and in Health - Publications, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: NIAID)
How serious is Plague?
Prognosis of Plague: About 1 in 7 cases in the USA are fatal
Complications of Plague:
see complications of Plague
What causes Plague?
Causes of Plague: see causes of Plague
Cause of Plague: Yersinia pestis bacteria
Causes of Plague: People
usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying
the plague bacterium or by handling an infected animal. (Source: excerpt from CDC Plague Home Page: DVBID)
...
Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacillus.
(Source: excerpt from Facts About Plague: CDC-OC)
Risk factors for Plague:
see
risk factors for Plague
What are the symptoms of Plague?
Symptoms of Plague:
see symptoms of Plague
Complications of Plague:
see complications of Plague
Incubation period for Plague: A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 2 to 6 days after being
infected. (Source: excerpt from Plague Diagnosis: DVBID)
Can anyone else get Plague?
More information:
see contagiousness of Plague
Plague: Testing
Diagnostic testing: see tests for Plague.
Misdiagnosis: see misdiagnosis and Plague.
How is it treated?
Treatments for Plague:
see treatments for Plague
Prevention of Plague:
see prevention of Plague
Research for Plague:
see research for Plague
Society issues for Plague
Hospitalization statistics for Plague:
The following are statistics from various sources about hospitalizations and Plague:
- 0% (3) of hospital consultant episodes were for plague in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 100% of hospital consultant episodes for plague required hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 67% of hospital consultant episodes for plague were for men in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 33% of hospital consultant episodes for plague were for women in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 67% of hospital consultant episodes for plague required emergency hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 9 days was the mean length of stay in hospitals for plague in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 9 days was the median length of stay in hospitals for plague in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- more statistics...»
Name and Aliases of Plague
Main name of condition: Plague
Class of Condition for Plague: bacterial
Other names or spellings for Plague:
Black death, Yersinia pestis, bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Black Plague
Plague, pneumonic or bubonic
Source - Diseases Database
Black Death, Black Plague, Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Black Plague, Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague
Source - Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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