TREATMENTS &
RESEARCH

Search the
latest
treatment
information
here.

Dr. Huntley's
Diagnosis
Checklist

Have a symptom?
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
 
Diseases » Plague » Summary
 

What is Plague?

What is Plague?

  • Plague: A rare but serious bacterial infection involving the bacterium Yersinia Pestis which can be carried by rodents and transmitted to humans by flea bites or through direct contact with an infected animal.
  • Plague: The etiologic agent of PLAGUE in man, rats, ground squirrels, and other rodents.
    Source - Diseases Database
  • Plague: a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat flea (especially bubonic plague).
    Source - WordNet 2.1

Plague is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that Plague, or a subtype of Plague, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Source - National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Ophanet, a consortium of European partners, currently defines a condition rare when it affects 1 person per 2,000. They list Plague as a "rare disease".
Source - Orphanet

Plague: Introduction

Types of Plague:

Types of Plague:

Broader types of Plague:

How many people get Plague?

Incidence (annual) of Plague: 9 annual cases of plague notified in USA 1999 (MMWR 1999)
Incidence Rate of Plague: approx 1 in 30,222,221 or 0.00% or 9 people in USA [about data]
Prevalance of Plague: In the U.S., 1 to 40 cases reported annually (avg = 13 cases) by western states, 1971-1995

  • Worldwide, 2861 cases reported by 10 countries to WHO in 1995

    SEQUELAE

    • Rare, consequences of disseminated intravascular coagulation, lung damage
    • Mortality 50-90% if untreated; 15% when diagnosed and treated

    COSTS

    • Not known

    TRANSMISSION

    • Flea-borne, from infected rodents to humans
    • Direct contact with infected tissues or fluids from handling sick or dead animals
    • Respiratory droplets from cats and humans with pneumonic plague

    RESERVOIRS

    • Primarily wild rodents in U.S. (especially rock squirrels, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, other burrowing rodents)
    • Commensal rats may be important elsewhere

    RISK GROUPS

    • In the U.S., persons exposed to rodent fleas, wild rodents, or other susceptible animals in enzootic areas of western states
    • Most cases occur in southwestern states of NM, AZ, CO, and in CA
    • Highest rates in Native Americans, especially Navajos; other risk groups: hunters; veterinarians and pet owners handling infected cats; campers or hikers entering areas with outbreaks of animal plague

    SURVEILLANCE

    • National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) for animal plague surveillance, for reports of human cases, and laboratory testing of fleas, animal tissues and serum specimens, and serosurveys of carnivores
    • CDC, Fort Collins, is a WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Plague Control, and reports all human plague cases in the U.S. to WHO

    OPPORTUNITIES

    • Increased self-sufficiency of state and county public health labs
    • Expanded active surveillance through carnivore serosurveys and application of geographic information systems (GIS) to surveillance programs
    • Increased education of public and health professionals
    • Collaborative applied research on plague prevention and control with other federal, state, and local health agencies, including application of GIS to surveillance

    RESEARCH

    • Ecology-based prevention and control strategies
    • Improved diagnostic reagents and methods
    • Development of potential vaccine candidates
    • Risk factor identification using landscape ecology and epidemiology
       

    Return to top of page    

     

    CDC Home | Search | Health Topics A-Z |

    This page last reviewed June 22, 2001

    | Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases  |
    National Center for Infectious Diseases |
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
    P.
    (Source: excerpt from Plague Epidemiology: DVBID_1) ... Annually, 1­40 cases of plague were reported (average 13 cases) by western states in 1971­1995. (Source: excerpt from Facts About Plague: CDC-OC)

    Who gets Plague?

    Geography Profile for Plague: In the United States, health care workers report cases of plague even today, most of which are found in the Southwest. (Source: excerpt from Microbes in Sickness and in Health - Publications, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: NIAID)

    How serious is Plague?

    Prognosis of Plague: About 1 in 7 cases in the USA are fatal
    Complications of Plague: see complications of Plague

    What causes Plague?

    Causes of Plague: see causes of Plague
    Cause of Plague: Yersinia pestis bacteria
    Causes of Plague: People usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an infected animal. (Source: excerpt from CDC Plague Home Page: DVBID) ... Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacillus. (Source: excerpt from Facts About Plague: CDC-OC)
    Risk factors for Plague: see risk factors for Plague

    What are the symptoms of Plague?

    Symptoms of Plague: see symptoms of Plague

    Complications of Plague: see complications of Plague

    Incubation period for Plague: A person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague 2 to 6 days after being infected. (Source: excerpt from Plague Diagnosis: DVBID)

    Can anyone else get Plague?

    More information: see contagiousness of Plague

    Plague: Testing

    Diagnostic testing: see tests for Plague.

    Misdiagnosis: see misdiagnosis and Plague.

    How is it treated?

    Treatments for Plague: see treatments for Plague
    Prevention of Plague: see prevention of Plague
    Research for Plague: see research for Plague

    Society issues for Plague


    Hospitalization statistics for Plague: The following are statistics from various sources about hospitalizations and Plague:

    • 0% (3) of hospital consultant episodes were for plague in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • 100% of hospital consultant episodes for plague required hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • 67% of hospital consultant episodes for plague were for men in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • 33% of hospital consultant episodes for plague were for women in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • 67% of hospital consultant episodes for plague required emergency hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • 9 days was the mean length of stay in hospitals for plague in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • 9 days was the median length of stay in hospitals for plague in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
    • more statistics...»

    Name and Aliases of Plague

    Main name of condition: Plague

    Class of Condition for Plague: bacterial

    Other names or spellings for Plague:

    Black death, Yersinia pestis, bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Black Plague

    Plague, pneumonic or bubonic Source - Diseases Database

    Black Death, Black Plague, Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Black Plague, Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague
    Source - Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

    Research the causes of these diseases that are similar to, or related to, Plague:


     » Next page: Online Medical Textbooks for Plague

    Rate This Website

    What do you think about the features of this website? Take our user survey and have your say:

    Website User Survey

    Medical Tools & Articles:

    Next articles:

    Tools & Services:

    Medical Articles:

    Forums & Message Boards

  •  
    HONcode We subscribe to the HONcode principles

    By using this site you agree to our Terms of Use. Information provided on this site is for informational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for advice from your own medical team. The information on this site is not to be used for diagnosing or treating any health concerns you may have - please contact your physician or health care professional for all your medical needs. Please see our Terms of Use.

    Home | Symptoms | Diseases | Diagnosis | Videos | Tools | Forum | About Us | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Site Map | Advertise