Pleural Effusion: Exudate
Pleural Effusion: Exudate: Excerpt from A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
Exudative Pleural Effusion
Infection
Bacterial
Empyema
Parapneumonic effusion
Tuberculous
Viral
Fungal
Parasitic (amebiasis, echinococcosis, paragonimiasis)
Mycoplasma, actinomycosis, nocardiosis
Rickettsiae (Q fever)
Neoplasm
Lung*
Breast*
Lymphoma*
Ovarian neoplasm (Meigs' syndrome)
Metastases (sarcoma, melanoma)
Kaposi's sarcoma
Primary pleural malignancy
Thromboembolic disease
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary infarction
Immune-mediated diseases
Rheumatoid disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Drug-induced lupus
Wegener's granulomatosis
Sarcoidosis
Postcardiac injury syndrome
Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy
Sjögren's syndrome
Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome
Familial Mediterranean fever
Intraabdominal disorders
Pancreatitis
Esophageal perforation
Intraabdominal abscesses (e.g., hepatic, splenic,
subphrenic)
After liver transplants
Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy
Post–abdominal surgery
Postpartum state
Drug-induced pleural disease
Nitrofurantoin
Methysergide
Dantrolene
Bromocriptine
Interleukin 2
Procarbazine
Methotrexate
Amiodarone
Inhalation of inorganic dusts
Asbestosis
Other causes
Yellow nail syndrome
Uremic pleuritis
Radiation pleuritis
Myxedema
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Trapped lung
Postpartum pleural effusion
Amyloidosis
Ovarian hyperstimulation
Hemothorax
Traumatic
Penetrating or nonpenetrating trauma
Iatrogenic
Nontraumatic
Malignancy, especially metastatic
Anticoagulant therapy for pulmonary emboli
Spontaneous
Secondary to bleeding disorder (hemophilia, thrombocytopenia)
Rupture of intrathoracic vessel or aneurysm
Ruptured pancreatic pseudocyst
Thoracic endometriosis
Idiopathic
Pulmonary emboli
Chylothorax
Traumatic
Penetrating or nonpenetrating trauma
Surgery
Iatrogenic
Malignancy (causes 50% of chylothoraces)
Lymphoma (accounts for 75% of malignant chylothoraces)
Metastatic malignancy
Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Thrombosis of superior vena cava/subclavian vein
Idiopathic
Congenital
Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis
Pseudochylothorax
References
1. Connors AF, Altose MD: Pleural Disease, p. 1839. See Bibliography, 9.
2. See Bibliography, 10.
*Causes 75% of malignant pleural effusions.
Book Source Details
- Book Title: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis
- Author(s): Stephen N. Adler, Dianne B. Gasbarra
- Year of Publication: 1999
- Copyright Details: A Pocket Manual of Differential Diagnosis, Copyright © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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Copyright notice for book excerpts: Copyright © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved.
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