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Is there galactorrhea? Of course, the most common cause of galactorrhea would be the galactorrhea following pregnancy and delivery. However, if there is galactorrhea, one should consider the possibility that the patient is taking ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Amenorrhea (absence of menses) can be transient, intermittent, or permanent. It may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus, or vagina. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche by age 16; secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses in... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for 6 months in a woman with previously regular menstrual cycles, or 12 months in a woman whose periods had been irregular.
Differential Diagnosis
Pregnancy
–Most common ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Menarche occurs at an average age of 12.7 years in the U.S. Primary amenorrhea occurs when menarche remains absent at age 16, or if 5 years have passed since the onset of puberty and menarche has not begun.
Differential Diagnosis
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Combining the anatomy of the female genital tract with the endocrine system will key in on the major sources of absent or diminished menstrual flow. It is perhaps best to begin at the bottom and work upward to the head.
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... Abdominal distention refers to increased abdominal girth — the result of increased intra-abdominal pressure forcing the abdominal wall outward. Distention may be mild or severe, depending on the amount of pressure. It may be localized or diffuse and... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age, but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Two groups of neonates are born weighing less than the normal minimum birth weight of 5½ lb (2,500 g) — those who are born prematurely (before 37 weeks’ gestation) and those who are small for gestational age (SGA). Premature neonates... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
Extraluminal compression
Congenital abnormalities
Annular pancreas
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... Hypothalamic and Pituitary Causes
Androgen excess
Chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors
Chronic debilitating diseases (e.g., liver disease, uremia, regional ileitis)
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... Abortion is the spontaneous or induced (therapeutic) expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus. Up to 15% of all pregnancies and approximately 30% of first pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). At least 75% of miscarriages occur during... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Amenorrhea is the abnormal absence or suppression of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche in an adolescent (by age 18). Secondary amenorrhea is the failure of menstruation for at least 3 months after normal onset of menarche.
... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Cesarean birth, also known as cesarean section, is delivery of a neonate by surgical incision through the abdomen and uterus. It can be performed as elective surgery or as an emergency procedure when conditions prohibit vaginal delivery. ... Causes and incidence ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Adolescent pregnancy can pose a major health risk to both the mother and the child because up to 70% of adolescents who become pregnant don’t receive adequate prenatal care. Pregnant adolescents develop special problems and are known to... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Cardiovascular disease ranks fourth (after infection, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and hemorrhage) among the leading causes of maternal death. The physiologic stress of pregnancy and delivery is often more than a compromised heart can tolerate and often... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also known as gestational hypertension, is a potentially life-threatening disorder that usually develops late in the second trimester or in the third trimester. Preeclampsia, the nonconvulsive form of PIH, may be mild or... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Pregnancy places special demands on carbohydrate metabolism and causes the insulin requirement to increase, even in a healthy female. Consequently, pregnancy may lead to a prediabetic state, to the conversion of an asymptomatic subclinical diabetic state to a... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity. The most common site is the fallopian tube (more than 90% of ectopic implantations occur in the fimbria, ampulla, or isthmus), but other possible sites include the... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Abdominal distention refers to increased abdominal girth—the result of increased intra-abdominal pressure forcing the abdominal wall outward. Distention may be mild or severe, depending on the amount of pressure. It may be localized or diffuse and may occur gradually or... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. In primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. In secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of normal... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Two groups of neonates are born weighing less than the normal minimum birth weight of 5½ lb (2,500 g)—those who are born prematurely (before the 37th week of gestation) and those who are small for gestational age (SGA). The premature neonate weighs an appropriate amount for... Emergency Interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... L. Allen Dobson, Jr.
Pregnancy is the most common cause of amenorrhea. Evaluation and diagnosis of the other causes of amenorrhea are possible by use of a simple workup scheme (section V).
Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Pregnancy
❑ Menopause
❑ Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
❑ Drugs
❑ Anorexia nervosa
&... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Abortion is the spontaneous or induced (therapeutic) expulsion of the products of conception from the uterus before 20 weeks gestation (fetal weight less than 500 g [17½ oz]). Up to 15% of all pregnancies and about 30% of all first pregnancies end in... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Cardiovascular disease ranks fourth (after infection, toxemia, and hemorrhage) among the leading causes of maternal death. The physiologic stress of pregnancy and delivery is sometimes more than a compromised heart can tolerate and commonly leads to maternal and fetal death. ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Toxemia of pregnancy, or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), usually develops late in the second trimester or in the third trimester. Preeclampsia, the nonconvulsive form of toxemia, develops in about 7% of pregnancies. It may be mild or severe, and the incidence is... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Pregnancy places special demands on carbohydrate metabolism and causes the insulin requirement to increase, even in a healthy woman. Consequently, pregnancy may lead to a prediabetic state, to the conversion of an asymptomatic subclinical... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Abdominal distention refers to increased abdominal girth — the result of increased intra-abdominal pressure forcing the abdominal wall outward. Distention may be mild or severe, depending on the amount of pressure. It may be localized or diffuse and may occur... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Abdominal distention refers to increased abdominal girth—the result of increased intra-abdominal pressure forcing the abdominal wall outward. Distention may be mild or severe, depending on the amount of pressure. It may be localized or diffuse and may occur... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age, but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of normal physiologic... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Two groups of neonates are born weighing less than the normal minimum birth weight of 51⁄2 lb (2,500 g)—those who are born prematurely (before 37 weeks' gestation) and those who are small for gestational age (SGA). Premature neonates... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Combining the anatomy of the female genital tract with the
endocrine system will key in on the major sources of absent or diminished
menstrual flow. It is perhaps best to begin at the bottom and work upward to
the... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
A newborn child is always a bundle of joy and responsibility. When traveling with a newborn, it is especially important that parents follow certain...
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