...
What is the bicarbonate level? If this is elevated, the patient has a metabolic alkalosis. If this is decreased, the patient has a respiratory alkalosis associated with salicylate intoxication or hyperventilation syndrome ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Proximal weakness is usually due to dysfunction of the lower motor unit; that is, anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, neuromuscular junction (NMJ), or the muscle itself. The neurologic examination, EMG, and nerve conduction studies, and finally the muscle enzymes and biopsy, guide the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Distal weakness is most likely secondary to neuropathy, and is often associated with loss of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) either with or without sensory abnormalities. In contrast, increased DTRs or extensor plantor responses raise the concern for “central” causes of... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The differential diagnosis of alkalosis, like acidosis, begins with using the physiologic model of production, excretion, or degradation.
ALKALOSIS (INCREASED PH)
Production
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight gain occurs when ingested calories exceed body requirements for energy, causing increased adipose tissue storage. It can also occur when fluid retention causes edema. When weight gain results from overeating, emotional factors — most commonly anxiety, guilt, and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or myoneural junctions and within the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight loss can reflect decreased food intake, decreased food absorption, increased metabolic requirements, or a combination of the three. Its causes include endocrine, neoplastic, GI, and psychiatric disorders; nutritional deficiencies; infections; and neurologic lesions that... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Steppage gait typically results from footdrop caused by weakness or paralysis of pretibial and peroneal muscles, usually from lower motor neuron lesions. Footdrop causes the foot to hang with the toes pointing down, causing the toes to scrape the ground... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Acute or Subacute*
Electrolyte abnormality
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
... READ EXCERPTS »
... In hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), hypersecretion of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone by the adrenal cortex causes excessive reabsorption of sodium and water, and excessive renal excretion of potassium.
Causes and incidence
... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight gain occurs when ingested calories exceed body requirements for energy, causing increased adipose tissue storage. It can also occur when fluid retention causes edema. When weight gain results from overeating, emotional factors—most commonly anxiety, guilt, and depression... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or myoneural junctions and within the muscle itself.... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight loss can reflect decreased food intake, decreased food absorption, increased metabolic requirements, or a combination of the three. It may be caused by endocrine, neoplastic, GI, and psychiatric disorders; nutritional deficiencies; infections; or neurologic lesions that cause... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Steppage gait typically results from footdrop caused by weakness or paralysis of pretibial and peroneal muscles, usually from lower motor neuron lesions. Footdrop causes the foot to hang with the toes pointing down, causing the toes to scrape the ground during... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... In hyperaldosteronism (also called aldosteronism), hypersecretion of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone by the adrenal cortex causes excessive reabsorption of sodium and water and excessive renal excretion of potassium.
Causes
... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight gain occurs when ingested calories exceed body requirements for energy, causing increased adipose tissue storage. It can also occur when fluid retention causes edema. When weight gain results from overeating, emotional factors —... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or myoneural junctions and within the muscle itself.... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight loss can reflect decreased food intake, decreased food absorption, increased metabolic requirements, or a combination of the three. Its causes include endocrine, neoplastic, GI, and psychiatric disorders; nutritional deficiencies; infections; and neurologic lesions that cause... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Hypotonia(decreased muscle tone) can be recognized by diminished resistanceto passive stretching of joints, by increased range of passive movement,and by the more "flappable" nature of an extremityin response to rapid movement. Weakness (diminished muscle power)can... Principal Causes of Hypotonia and Weakness ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight gain occurs when ingested calories exceed body requirements for energy, causing increased adipose tissue storage. It can also occur when fluid retention causes edema. When weight gain results from overeating, emotional factors—most commonly anxiety, guilt, and depression... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Muscle weakness is detected by observing and measuring the strength of an individual muscle or muscle group. It can result from a malfunction in the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, or myoneural junctions and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Weight loss can reflect decreased food intake, decreased food absorption, increased metabolic requirements, or a combination of the three. Its causes include endocrine, neoplastic, GI, and psychiatric disorders; nutritional deficiencies;... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Steppage gait typically results from footdrop caused by weakness or paralysis of pretibial and peroneal muscles, usually from lower motor neuron lesions. Footdrop causes the foot to hang with the toes pointing down, causing the toes to scrape the... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The differential diagnosis of alkalosis, like acidosis, begins with
using the physiologic model of production, excretion, or
degradation.
Production
... Author:
Megha Shah Fitzpatrick, MD
What to Do - Make a Decision
Alkalosis is a pathologic process that results in a decrease in the overall hydrogen ion concentration in the body. A metabolic alkalosis is the result of an
elevated... Suggested Readings
... READ EXCERPTS »
What do you think about the features of this website?
Take our user survey and have your say:
The benefits of HIV treatments often come with side effects, some of them strong enough to keep people from taking their medications. Join Drs....
Colon cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer deaths, typically strikes African-American men and women at a younger age. Learn what you...
Whenever you go to a hospital or clinic for a major procedure or diagnostic test, one of the many forms you are given to sign is an "informed...
Sleep is necessary to feel refreshed, but now we know sleep actually impacts the way the body functions. Sleeping poorly can affect how often you get...