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Is there galactorrhea? Of course, the most common cause of galactorrhea would be the galactorrhea following pregnancy and delivery. However, if there is galactorrhea, one should consider the possibility that the patient is taking drugs, ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Amenorrhea (absence of menses) can be transient, intermittent, or permanent. It may result from dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries, uterus, or vagina. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche by age 16; secondary amenorrhea is the... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Menarche occurs at an average age of 12.7 years in the U.S. Primary amenorrhea occurs when menarche remains absent at age 16, or if 5 years have passed since the onset of puberty and menarche has not begun.
Differential Diagnosis
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menses for 6 months in a woman with previously regular menstrual cycles, or 12 months in a woman whose periods had been irregular.
Differential Diagnosis
Pregnancy
... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Combining the anatomy of the female genital tract with the endocrine system will key in on the major sources of absent or diminished menstrual flow. It is perhaps best to begin at the bottom and work upward to the head.
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It’s characterized as intermittent or constant, unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and parity. This sign... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age, but later ceases for 3... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Galactorrhea
Hyperprolactinemia
Normoprolactinemic galactorrhea
Idiopathic galactorrhea with menses
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... Hypothalamic and Pituitary Causes
Androgen excess
Chorionic gonadotropin-secreting tumors
Chronic debilitating diseases (e.g., liver disease, uremia, regional ileitis)
Congenital
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... Acquired during birth
Asphyxia
Breech delivery
Intracranial hemorrhage or thrombosis
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... Galactorrhea, also known as hyperprolactinemia, is inappropriate breast milk secretion. It generally occurs 3 to 6 months after the discontinuation of breast-feeding (usually after a first delivery). It may also follow an abortion or may develop in a female... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Amenorrhea is the abnormal absence or suppression of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is the absence of menarche in an adolescent (by age 18). Secondary amenorrhea is the failure of menstruation for at least 3 months after normal onset of menarche. ... Causes and incidence ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It’s characterized as intermittent or constant, unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and parity. This sign rarely occurs (but is... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. In primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. In secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of normal... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Joyce A. Copeland
Approach The evaluation of a nipple discharge in the nonpregnant female patient helps determine if the cause is physiologic, pathologic, or is a “pseudodischarge,” and to assess the risk of... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment (1,2)
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... L. Allen Dobson, Jr.
Pregnancy is the most common cause of amenorrhea. Evaluation and diagnosis of the other causes of amenorrhea are possible by use of a simple workup scheme (section V).
Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Pregnancy
❑ Menopause
❑ Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea
❑ Drugs
❑ Anorexia... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It’s characterized as intermittent or constant, as unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and parity. This sign rarely... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age but later ceases for 3 or more months in the... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Nipple discharge can occur spontaneously or can be elicited by nipple stimulation. It's characterized as intermittent or constant, unilateral or bilateral, and by color, consistency, and composition. Its incidence increases with age and parity. This sign rarely... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... The absence of menstrual flow, amenorrhea can be classified as primary or secondary. With primary amenorrhea, menstruation fails to begin before age 16. With secondary amenorrhea, it begins at an appropriate age, but later ceases for 3 or more months in the absence of normal physiologic... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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Combining the anatomy of the female genital tract with the
endocrine system will key in on the major sources of absent or diminished
menstrual flow. It is perhaps best to begin at the bottom and work upward to
the head.
... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
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