Prevalence and Incidence of Pseudotumor Cerebri
Prevalance of Pseudotumor Cerebri:
about 1-2 people per 100,000 population have benign intracranial hypertension in the US (Association for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus) ... see also overview of Pseudotumor Cerebri.
Prevalance Rate:
approx 1 in 272,000,000 or 0.00% or 1 people in USA [Source statistic for calcuation: "about 1-2 people per 100,000 population have benign intracranial hypertension in the US (Association for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus)" -- see also general information about data sources]
Pseudotumor Cerebri: Rare Disease
Pseudotumor Cerebri is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of
Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). This means that Pseudotumor Cerebri, or a subtype of Pseudotumor Cerebri,
affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Pseudotumor Cerebri Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Prevalence/Incidence of Pseudotumor Cerebri: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Pseudotumor Cerebri.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The cause of pregnancy-induced hypertension is unknown, but geographic, ethnic, racial, nutritional, immunologic, and familial factors and pre-existing vascular disease may contribute to its development. Age is also a factor. Primiparas who are older than age 35 are at higher risk for preeclampsia.
Preeclampsia develops in about 7% of pregnancies. Incidence is significantly higher in low socioeconomic groups. About 5% of females with preeclampsia develop eclampsia; of these, about 15% die from PIH itself or its complications. Fetal mortality is high due to the increased incidence of premature delivery and uteroplacental insufficiency.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Pulmonary hypertension:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Pulmonary hypertension begins as hypertrophy of the small pulmonary arteries. The medial and intimal muscle layers of these vessels thicken, decreasing distensibility and increasing resistance. This disorder then progresses to vascular sclerosis and obliteration of small vessels.
In most cases, pulmonary hypertension occurs secondary to an underlying disease process, including:
❑ alveolar hypoventilation from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (most common cause in the United States), sarcoidosis, diffuse interstitial disease, pulmonary metastasis, and certain diseases such as scleroderma (In these disorders, pulmonary vascular resistance occurs secondary to hypoxemia and destruction of the alveolocapillary bed. Other disorders that cause alveolar hypoventilation without lung tissue damage include obesity, kyphoscoliosis, and obstructive sleep apnea.)
❑ vascular obstruction from pulmonary embolism, vasculitis, and disorders that cause obstruction of small or large pulmonary veins, such as left atrial myxoma, idiopathic veno-occlusive disease, fibrosing mediastinitis, and mediastinal neoplasm
❑ primary cardiac disease, which may be congenital or acquired. Congenital defects that cause left-to-right shunting of blood — such as patent ductus arteriosus or atrial or ventricular septal defect — increase blood flow into the lungs and, consequently, raise pulmonary vascular pressure. Acquired cardiac diseases, such as rheumatic valvular disease and mitral stenosis, increase pulmonary venous pressure by restricting blood flow returning to the heart.
Primary (or idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension is rare, occurring most commonly — and with no known cause — in women between ages 20 and 40. Secondary pulmonary hypertension results from existing cardiac, pulmonary, thromboembolic, or collagen vascular diseases or from the use of certain drugs.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Malignant brain tumors:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The cause of most brain tumors is unknown, but exposure to ionizing radiation is a known environmental risk. Additionally, most malignant tumors of the brain are of metastatic origin; 20% to 40% of patients with cancer develop brain metastasis.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Renovascular hypertension:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery stimulates the affected kidney to release the enzyme renin, which converts angiotensinogen — a plasma protein — to angiotensin I. As angiotensin I circulates through the lungs and liver, it converts to angiotensin II, which causes peripheral vasoconstriction, increased arterial pressure and aldosterone secretion and, eventually, hypertension.
Atherosclerosis (especially in older males) and fibromuscular diseases of the renal artery wall layers — such as medial fibroplasia and, less commonly, intimal and subadventitial fibroplasia — are the primary causes in 95% of all patients with renovascular hypertension. Other causes include arteritis, anomalies of the renal arteries, embolism, trauma, tumor, and dissecting aneurysm. Less than 5% of patients with high blood pressure display renovascular hypertension; it’s most common in persons younger than age 30 or older than age 50.
PEDIATRIC TIP Fibromuscular dysplasia is the most common cause of renovascular hypertension in children. The surgical cure rate is very high.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Hydrocephalus:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Hydrocephalus may result from an obstruction in CSF flow (noncommunicating hydrocephalus) or from faulty absorption of CSF (communicating hydrocephalus). (See Normal circulation of CSF.)
In noncommunicating hydrocephalus, the obstruction occurs most frequently between the third and fourth ventricles, at the aqueduct of Sylvius, but it can also occur at the outlets of the fourth ventricle (foramina of Luschka and Magendie) or, rarely, at the foramen of Monro. This obstruction may result from faulty fetal development, infection (syphilis, granulomatous diseases, meningitis), a tumor, cerebral aneurysm, or a blood clot (after intracranial hemorrhage).
In communicating hydrocephalus, faulty absorption of CSF may result from surgery to repair a myelomeningocele, adhesions between meninges at the base of the brain, or meningeal hemorrhage. Rarely, a tumor in the choroid plexus causes overproduction of CSF, producing hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus occurs most commonly in neonates but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease. It affects 1 of every 1,000 people.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Hypertension:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Hypertension affects 25% of adults in the United States. If untreated, it carries a high mortality. Risk factors for hypertension include family history, race (most common in blacks), stress, obesity, a diet high in saturated fats or sodium, tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, and aging.
Secondary hypertension may result from renal vascular disease; pheochromocytoma; primary hyperaldosteronism; Cushing’s syndrome; thyroid, pituitary, or parathyroid dysfunction; coarctation of the aorta; pregnancy; neurologic disorders; and use of hormonal contraceptives or other drugs, such as cocaine, epoetin alfa (erythropoietin), and cyclosporine.
Cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance determine blood pressure. Increased blood volume, cardiac rate, and stroke volume as well as arteriolar vasoconstriction can raise blood pressure. The link to sustained hypertension, however, is unclear. Hypertension may also result from failure of intrinsic regulatory mechanisms:
❑ Renal hypoperfusion causes release of renin, which is converted by angiotensinogen, a liver enzyme, to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. The resulting vasoconstriction increases afterload. Angiotensin II stimulates adrenal secretion of aldosterone, which increases sodium reabsorption. Hypertonic-stimulated release of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland follows, increasing water reabsorption, plasma volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure.
❑ Autoregulation changes an artery’s diameter to maintain perfusion despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure. The intrinsic mechanisms responsible include stress relaxation (vessels gradually dilate when blood pressure rises to reduce peripheral resistance) and capillary fluid shift (plasma moves between vessels and extravascular spaces to maintain intravascular volume).
❑ When the blood pressure drops, baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses decrease their inhibition of the medulla’s vasomotor center, which increases sympathetic stimulation of the heart by norepinephrine. This, in turn, increases cardiac output by strengthening the contractile force, increasing the heart rate, and augmenting peripheral resistance by vasoconstriction. Stress can also stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to increase cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Brain Tumor:
Brain Tumor - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
Brain Tumor - incidence
- Most common solid neoplasm of childhood (2nd to leukemia in overall incidence)
- Incidence rising (>3,000 new cases/year)
- 3.9 cases/100,000 children/year
- Peak incidence in children ≤7 years of age
Brain Tumor - prevalence
- Slight male predominance
- Majority arise infratentorially (within cerebellum or brainstem) in children 1–11 years of age
- Majority arise supratentorially in children <1 year of age
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Hypertension:
Hypertension - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Secondary hypertension is more common in children than in adults.
- Primary hypertension is now identifiable in children and adolescents, and is associated with overweight, the metabolic syndrome and family history of hypertension.
Hypertension - prevalence
- Hypertension in the pediatric population is estimated between 1% and 2%.
- 30% of children with BMI >95% have hypertension.
- Primary hypertension in blacks is twice that of whites.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
Pseudotumor Cerebri Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension:
Pseudotumor Cerebri Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- Boys and girls are affected equally in childhood; in adulthood, more women than men are affected.
- IIH has been reported in patients as young as 4 months of age, with a median age of 9 years.
Pseudotumor Cerebri Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension - incidence
Incidence in children is unknown.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Pseudotumor Cerebri usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Pseudotumor Cerebri at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Pseudotumor Cerebri refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Pseudotumor Cerebri diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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