Prevalence and Incidence of Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis Prevalence: Book Excerpts
Prevalence/Incidence of Pyelonephritis: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the prevalence and/or incidence of Pyelonephritis.
Acute pyelonephritis:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Acute pyelonephritis results from bacterial infection of the kidneys. Infecting bacteria usually are normal intestinal and fecal flora that grow readily in urine. The most common causative organism is Escherichia coli, but Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) may also cause this infection.
Typically, the infection spreads from the bladder to the ureters, then to the kidneys, as in vesicoureteral reflux due to congenital weakness at the junction of the ureter and the bladder. Bacteria refluxed to intrarenal tissues may create colonies of infection within 24 to 48 hours. Infection may also result from instrumentation (such as catheterization, cystoscopy, or urologic surgery), from a hematogenic infection (as in septicemia or endocarditis), or possibly from lymphatic infection.
Pyelonephritis may also result from an inability to empty the bladder (for example, in patients with neurogenic bladder), urinary stasis, or urinary obstruction due to tumors, strictures, or benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Pyelonephritis occurs more commonly in females, probably because of a shorter urethra and the proximity of the urinary meatus to the vagina and the rectum — both conditions allow bacteria to reach the bladder more easily — and a lack of the antibacterial prostatic secretions produced in the male. Incidence increases with age and is higher in the following groups:
❑ Sexually active females: Intercourse increases the risk of bacterial contamination.
❑ Pregnant females: About 5% develop asymptomatic bacteriuria; if untreated, about 40% develop pyelonephritis.
❑ Diabetics: Neurogenic bladder causes incomplete emptying and urinary stasis; glycosuria may support bacterial growth in the urine.
❑ Persons with other renal diseases: Compromised renal function aggravates susceptibility.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Kidney cancer:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The causes of kidney cancer aren't known, although smokers develop more renal cell tumors than nonsmokers. However, the incidence of this malignancy is rising, possibly as a result of exposure to environmental carcinogens as well as increased longevity. Even so, this cancer accounts for only about 2% of all adult cancers. Kidney cancer is more common in men than women and peaks in incidence between ages 50 and 70.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Medullary sponge kidney:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Medullary sponge kidney may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, but this remains unproven. Most nephrologists consider it a congenital abnormality.
Although medullary sponge kidney may be found in both sexes and in all age groups, it primarily affects males ages 40 to 70. It occurs in about 1 in every 5,000 to 20,000 persons.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Polycystic kidney disease:
Causes and incidence
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
While both types of polycystic kidney disease are genetically transmitted, the incidence in two distinct age groups and different inheritance patterns suggest two unrelated disorders. The infantile type appears to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, whereas the adult type seems to be an autosomal dominant trait. The gene has been located on chromosome 6, supporting the premise that this is a single genetic disease with variable phenotype presentation.
Polycystic kidney disease reportedly affects 1 in every 1,000 Americans; yet that number may be even higher because some cases from patients who aren’t symptomatic go unreported. Both types of polycystic kidney disease affect males and females equally.
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Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Pyelonephritis:
Pyelonephritis - epidemiology
(The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult)
- UTIs are more likely to involve the upper renal tracts in children <3 years of age.
- UTIs are more common in females, except in uncircumcised males <3 months of age.
Pyelonephritis - incidence
Cumulative incidence of UTIs (1st 6 years of life):
- 6.6% for girls, 1.8% for boys
Pyelonephritis - prevalence
- 5–7% of febrile infants <8 weeks of age
- 1% of all school-aged children
- 1–3% of girls between ages 1 and 5 years
- 0.03% in school-aged boys
>>>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 2008
About prevalence and incidence statistics:
The term 'prevalence' of Pyelonephritis usually refers to the estimated population
of people who are managing Pyelonephritis at any given time.
The term 'incidence' of Pyelonephritis refers to the annual diagnosis rate,
or the number of new cases of Pyelonephritis diagnosed each year.
Hence, these two statistics types can differ:
a short-lived disease like flu can have high annual incidence but low prevalence,
but a life-long disease like diabetes has a low annual incidence but high prevalence.
For more information see about prevalence and incidence statistics.
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