...
Is there a history of drug ingestion or injection? This will help diagnose drug reactions and serum sickness, which are common and easily discovered in the history. Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Is there a history of drug ingestion or injection? Of course, the history should reveal that the patient has been on a certain drug or has received certain antitoxins, serums, or vaccines.
Is there a rash? ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Fever is defined as an elevation of normal body temperature (37°C, or 98.6°F). True fever occurs when the body adopts a new thermoregulatory “set point” secondary to the release of pyrogenic cytokines in response to bacteria, viruses, or other exogenous sources (e.g... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The etiologies of rash with fever are vast, but a systematic approach will help the clinician quickly narrow the differential. Patients who appear “toxic” with fever and prostration must be rapidly and thoroughly evaluated to rule out life-threatening... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Cyclic or periodic fever is an unexplained fever that recurs after fever-free periods at almost predictably fixed intervals. True cyclic fever is rather uncommon in childhood; it should be differentiated from recurrent fever, which refers to fever... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Recurrent or relapsing fever is a cluster of febrile episodes that occur over a period of time, with documented fever-free intervals and without an apparent medical cause for each episode. It should be differentiated from cyclic fever, which refers... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a term that is often misused to describe febrile illness without an obvious etiology or without other symptoms. The definition in different studies is arbitrary, but basically refers to at least 2 weeks of daily documented... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
Fever is an elevation of body temperature over the normal daily range for a specific individual in response to different insults. It occurs when the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus is reset to higher temperature because of exogenous and endogenous... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
... READ EXCERPTS »
... The differential diagnosis of fever is best developed using physiology first and anatomy second.
FEVER, NONINFECTIOUS CAUSES
FEVER,
... READ EXCERPTS »
...Pyrexia
A fever is a common sign that can arise from many disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, a fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though,... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Infection
Bacterial
Bacterial endocarditis
Sinusitis
Osteomyelitis
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Infections
Bacterial
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Salmonella spp.
Haemophilus influenzae
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma that commonly impairs gas exchange. The prognosis is generally good for people who have normal lungs and adequate host defenses before the onset of pneumonia; however, pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Signs and Symptoms Coughing, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, shaking, chills, fever, pleural effusion
Treatment (Tx) Antibiotics, oxygen, mechanical ventilation, increased fluid
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), also known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, is one of several types of bronchiolitis obliterans. Organizing pneumonia refers to unresolved pneumonia, in which inflammatory alveolar exudate persists... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Colorado tick fever is a benign infection caused by the Colorado tick fever arbo-virus and transmitted to humans by a tick. It occurs in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States, mostly in April and May at lower altitudes and in June and July at higher altitudes. Because of... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Lassa fever is an epidemic hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, an extremely virulent arenavirus. This highly fatal disorder kills 10% to 50% of its victims, but those who survive its early stages usually recover and acquire immunity to secondary attacks. ... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Because of its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), an opportunistic infection, has increased in incidence since the 1980s. Before the advent of PCP prophylaxis, this disease was the first clue in about 60... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... An acute infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Borrelia, relapsing fever (also called tick, fowl-nest, cabin, or vagabond fever or bilious typhoid) is transmitted to humans by lice or ticks and is characterized by relapses and remissions. Rodents... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood, in many cases recurrent, that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever and includes pancarditis (myocarditis,... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a febrile, rash-producing illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. The disease is transmitted to humans by a tick bite.
RMSF is fatal in about 5% of patients. Mortality rises when... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Fever is a common sign that can arise from numerous disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Lyle J. Fagnan
Fever is a physiologic state in which the body temperature is elevated above the individual’s normal temperature. Patients and clinicians consider fever an important sign of illness.
Approach to the ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing. ... Diagnostic assessment. ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Michael L. O’Dell
Fever with an accompanying rash represents a diagnostic challenge for even the most experienced of clinicians, as this combination of signs can represent trivial or life-threatening illnesses. ... Approach ... History ... Physical examination ... Testing ... Diagnostic assessment
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview
❑ Streptococcus pneumoniae
❑ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
❑ Haemophilus influenzae
❑ Chlamydia pneumoniae
&... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Differential Overview
Infection
❑ HIV
❑ Tuberculosis
❑ Endocarditis
❑ Osteomyelitis ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... An acute infection of the lung paren-chyma, pneumonia often impairs gas exchange. The prognosis is generally good for people with normal lungs and adequate host defenses before the onset of pneumonia. However, pneumonia is the seventh leading... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP), also known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, is one of several types of bronchiolitis obliterans. Bronchiolitis obliterans is a generic term used to... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Because of its association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), an opportunistic infection, has become more widespread since the 1980s. Before the advent of PCP prophylaxis, this disease was the first clue... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Often recurrent, acute rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease of childhood that follows a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever, including pancarditis ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Fever is a common sign that can arise from any one of several disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an emergency. ... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Fever, or pyrexia, is a common sign that can arise from any one of several disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an emergency. ... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Occurs whenpathologic process causes body temperature to exceed normal range. DuBois suggested that usual range ofnormal body temperature is 97–100.4°F (36.2–38.0°C)rectal or 96.8–99.3°F (36.0–37.4°C)oral. Rectal temperature... Principal Causes of Acute Fever ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Acute Fever ... Diagnostic Approach: Acute Fever ... Principal Causes of Fever of Unknown Origin ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Fever of Unknown Origin ... Diagnostic Approach: Fever of Unknown Origin ... References
... READ EXCERPTS »
... A fever is a common sign that can arise from many disorders. Because these disorders can affect virtually any body system, a fever in the absence of other signs usually has little diagnostic significance. A persistent high fever, though, represents an emergency.
A fever can... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
...
The differential diagnosis of fever is best developed using
physiology first and anatomy second.
Physiology. Increased heat in the body is caused by increased
production or decreased elimination or dysfunction of the thermoregulatory
system in... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Author:
Emily Riehm Meier, MD
What to Do - Interpret the Data
Sickle cell anemia (SCD) is a chronic hemolytic anemia affecting 1 in 400
African Americans in the United States. End-organ damage from the persistent... Suggested Readings
... READ EXCERPTS »
... Epidemiology
Certain generalizations regarding the etiology of pediatric pneumonia can be
made. Viruses cause most lower respiratory diseases in younger children and
include respiratory syncytial virus, influenza A and B,... Presentation ... Diagnosis ... Neonatal Pneumonia ... Pneumonia in the First 3 Months of Life ... Pneumonia in Children 4 Months to 5 Years of Age
... Pneumonia in Children 5 Years of Age and Older
... Treatment of Community-acquired Pneumonia ... Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema ... Selected Readings ... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
What is an allergy and what is it that causes some people to suffer from them? Why do allergies flare up during certain times of the year? Learn...
For most people, arthritis means simply pain in or around a joint. But there are over 100 different kinds of arthritis, each with its own set of...
Not all kidney stones are alike. Learn about the different types, and how each kind of stone brings its own specific problems.
One of the newest treatments for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is radioimmunotherapy, a clever mixture of old and new that better targets cancer cells.