Treatments for Rectal cancer
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Rectal cancer: Research Doctors & Specialists
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Hospital statistics for Rectal cancer:
These medical statistics relate to hospitals, hospitalization and Rectal cancer:
- 0.12% (15,719) of hospital consultant episodes were for malignant neoplasm of rectosigmoid junction in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 94% of hospital consultant episodes for malignant neoplasm of rectosigmoid junction required hospital admission in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 65% of hospital consultant episodes for malignant neoplasm of rectosigmoid junction were for men in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
- 35% of hospital consultant episodes for malignant neoplasm of rectosigmoid junction were for women in England 2002-03 (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, England, 2002-03)
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Hospitals & Medical Clinics: Rectal cancer
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Rectal Pain:
Treatment
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
-
Acute anal fissure: 90% heal within 3–4 weeks with conservative management (increased fiber and water intake, stool softeners, Sitz bath, topical corticosteroids)
-
Chronic anal fissure: Only 40% heal with conservative treatment; sphincterotomy (<5% risk of significant incontinence) is the treatment of choice
-
Perianal abscess: Requires incision and drainage followed by packing and Sitz baths until healed
-
Levator ani syndrome: Decrease anal canal pressure by digital massage (3–4/week), Sitz baths, muscle relaxants
-
Proctalgia fugax: Self-limited, infrequent brief attacks; primary treatment is reassurance; treat any underlying psychological disorders
-
Coccyodynia: Warm Sitz baths, analgesics, and corticosteroid injections; coccygectomy may be indicated in rare cases
-
Thrombosed hemorrhoid: Incision and drainage or surgical excision
>>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Rectal Masses:
Treatment
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
- Rectal and anal cancers are treated by surgical resection (with sphincter preservation), radiation, and/or chemotherapy
- Hemorrhoid treatment is initially conservative: High-fiber diet, appropriate anal hygiene, Sitz baths, and topical steroids
–Surgical options include rubber band ligation of internal hemorrhoids or surgical resection for large refractory hemorrhoids
–Acute thrombosis of a hemorrhoid may require incision and drainage
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Colorectal cancer:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
The most effective treatment of colorectal cancer is surgery to remove the malignant tumor and adjacent tissues and any lymph nodes that may contain cancer cells. The type of surgery depends on the location of the tumor:
❑Cecum and ascending colon — right hemicolectomy (for advanced disease) may include resection of the terminal segment of the ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and right half of the transverse colon with corresponding mesentery
❑ Proximal and middle transverse colon — right colectomy to include transverse colon and mesentery corresponding to midcolic vessels, or segmental resection of transverse colon and associated midcolic vessels
❑ Sigmoid colon — surgery is usually limited to sigmoid colon and mesentery
❑ Upper rectum — anterior or low anterior resection (newer method, using a stapler, allows for resections much lower than were previously possible)
❑ Lower rectum — abdominoperineal resection and permanent sigmoid colostomy.
Chemotherapy is indicated for patients with metastasis, residual disease, or a recurrent inoperable tumor. Drugs used in such treatment commonly include fluorouracil with leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin.
Radiation therapy induces tumor regression and may be used before or after surgery or combined with chemotherapy, especially fluorouracil.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Malignant spinal neoplasms:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment of spinal cord tumors generally includes decompression or radiation. Laminectomy is indicated for primary tumors that produce spinal cord or cauda equina compression; it isn't usually indicated for metastatic tumors. If the tumor is slowly progressive or if it's treated before the cord degenerates from compression, symptoms are likely to disappear, and complete restoration of function is possible. In a patient with metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma who suddenly experiences complete transverse myelitis with spinal shock, functional improvement is unlikely, even with treatment, and his outlook is ominous. If the patient has incomplete paraplegia of rapid onset, emergency surgical decompression may save cord function. Steroid therapy with dexamethasone minimizes cord edema and temporarily relieves symptoms until surgery can be performed. Partial removal of intramedullary gliomas, followed by radiation, may alleviate symptoms for a short time. Metastatic extradural tumors can be controlled with radiation, analgesics and, in the case of hormone-mediated tumors (breast and prostate), appropriate hormone therapy. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may control radicular pain from spinal cord tumors and is a useful alternative to opioid analgesics. In TENS, an electrical charge is applied to the skin to stimulate large-diameter nerve fibers and thereby inhibit transmission of pain impulses through small-diameter nerve fibers. Chemotherapy generally hasn't proven effective against most spinal tumors, but may be recommended in some cases.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rectal polyps:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment varies according to the type and size of the polyps and their location in the colon. Common polypoid adenomas less than 1 cm require polypectomy, usually by fulguration (destruction by high-frequency electricity) during endoscopy. For common polypoid adenomas over 4 cm and all invasive villous adenomas, treatment usually consists of abdominoperineal resection or low anterior resection.
Focal polypoid hyperplasia can be obliterated by biopsy. Depending on GI involvement, hereditary polyps necessitate total abdominoperineal resection with a permanent ileostomy, subtotal colectomy with ileoproctostomy, or ileoanal anastomosis. Juvenile polyps are prone to autoamputation; if this doesn’t occur, snare removal during colonoscopy is the treatment of choice.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Rectal pain:
Patient counseling
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Teach the patient how to apply hot, moist compresses. Teach him how to give himself a sitz bath; this will ease his discomfort by helping to relieve the sphincter spasm associated with most anorectal disorders. Stress the importance of following a proper diet and drinking plenty of fluids to maintain soft stools and thus avoid aggravating pain during defecation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Colorectal cancer:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
The most effective treatment for colorectal cancer is surgery to remove the malignant tumor and adjacent tissues as well as any lymph nodes that may contain cancer cells. The type of surgery depends on the location of the tumor:
❑ Cecum and ascending colon: A right hemicolectomy (for advanced disease) is performed. It may include resection of the terminal segment of the ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and the right half of the transverse colon with corresponding mesentery.
❑ Proximal and middle transverse colon: A right colectomy is performed that includes the transverse colon and mesentery corresponding to midcolic vessels or segmental resection of the transverse colon and associated midcolic vessels.
❑ Sigmoid colon: Surgery is typically limited to the sigmoid colon and mesentery.
❑ Upper rectum: Anterior or low anterior resection is performed. A newer method, using a stapler, allows for resections much lower than were previously possible.
❑ Lower rectum: Abdominoperineal resection and permanent sigmoid colostomy is performed.
Chemotherapy is indicated for patients with metastasis, residual disease, or a recurrent inoperable tumor. Drugs used in such treatment commonly include fluorouracil with levamisole, leucovorin, methotrexate, or streptozocin. Patients whose tumor has extended to regional lymph nodes may receive fluorouracil and levamisole for 1 year postoperatively.
Radiation therapy induces tumor regression and may be used before or after surgery or combined with chemotherapy, especially fluorouracil.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Rectal pain:
Patient counseling
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Teach the patient how to apply hot, moist compresses. Also teach him how to give himself a sitz bath; this will ease his discomfort by helping to relieve the sphincter spasm associated with most anorectal disorders. Stress the importance of following a proper diet and drinking plenty of fluids to maintain soft stools and thus avoid aggravating pain during defecation.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Rectal pain:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Apply analgesic ointment or suppositories.
▪ Administer a stool softener if needed.
▪ If the rectal pain results from prolapsed hemorrhoids, apply cold compresses to help shrink protruding hemorrhoids, prevent thrombosis, and reduce pain.
▪ If the patient's condition permits, place him in Trendelenburg's position with his buttocks elevated to further relieve pain.
▪ Prepare the patient for an anoscopic examination and proctosigmoidoscopy to determine the cause of the rectal pain, if indicated.
▪ Because the patient may feel embarrassed, provide emotional support and as much privacy as possible.
Patient teaching
▪ Explain the disorder and treatment plan.
▪ Instruct the patient on measures to ease discomfort.
▪ Discuss proper diet and fluid intake.
▪ Explain the use of stool softeners.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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