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Are there exudates? This is a key question when evaluating a sore throat. Most cases of sore throat with exudates will be found to have streptococcal pharyngitis. Without exudates, one could still have a streptococcal sore throat, but it is ... DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
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Sore throat is a common symptom. Many patients incorrectly believe that antibiotics improve the clinical course in all sore throats. Although the vast majority of sore throats are of viral origin and should be managed conservatively, an... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Initial history of cough should include an assessment of the production of sputum, and the quantity, quality, and circumstances of the sputum production and coughing episodes. Additionally, associated history and physical findings, with particular... Differential Diagnosis ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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Most sore throats and coughs are due to infection. Children may have 5–8 upper respiratory infections per year. The primary differential is between viral and bacterial etiologies, especially group A β-hemolytic streptococcus.
Differential ... Workup and Diagnosis ... Treatment
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... Breaking down the orophraynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of sore throat. What is useful is to use the mnemonic VINDICATE to establish the etiologies. Further
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. It's most prevalent in the fall and may recur in the same child.
GENDER... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... Productive coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove. It's a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that contains sputum, blood, or both. The sputum's color,... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pictures
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... 1. Samiy AH, Douglas RG, Barondess JA (eds): Textbook of Diagnostic Medicine. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1987.
2. Fraser RG, et al. (eds): Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest, 3/e. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
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... Neuromuscular Causes
Ingestion or overdose (e.g., tranquilizers, sedatives, anesthetics, anticholinesterases)
Cerebral, brainstem, or high spinal-cord injury or infarct
Primary neuromuscular disease
Guillain-Barré
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... Central Causes
Voluntary hyperventilation
Anxiety, pain
Hypoxia
Fever
Salicylate toxicity
Head trauma
Brain tumor
Central nervous system infection
Cerebrovascular accident
Pregnancy
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... Central Nervous System Disorders
Drug intoxication
Sedatives
Tranquilizers
Analgesics
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... In patients with essentially normal lung tissue, acute respiratory failure (ARF) usually means partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2)above 50 mm Hg and partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) below 50 mm Hg. These limits, however, don... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also called hyaline membrane disease, is the most common cause of neonatal mortality. In the United States alone, it kills 40,000 neonates every year. IRDS occurs in premature neonates and, if untreated, is... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Signs and Symptoms Rapid, shallow breathing; dyspnea, crackles, rhonchi; hypoxemia; bilateral infiltrates on chest X-ray
Treatment (Tx) Treatment of underlying disorder,... Pictures
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... Signs and Symptoms Shallow or deep respirations (or both), air hunger, cyanosis, adventitious breath sounds, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, tachycardia, pulmonary hypertension, irritability, decreased reflexes ... Treatment (Tx)
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... Signs and Symptoms Confusion, apprehension, asterixis, coma, headache, dyspnea, tachypnea, papilledema, depressed reflexes, tachycardia, hypertension or hypotension, arrhythmias, vasodilation
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... Signs and Symptoms Deep, rapid breathing; dizziness; agitation; circumoral and peripheral paresthesia; carpopedal spasms; twitching; muscle weakness; seizures; arrhythmias
Treatment (Tx) Treatment of underlying cause,
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... Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection results from a subgroup of the myxoviruses that resemble paramyxovirus. RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. It's the major cause of pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, and bronchiolitis in this... Causes and incidence ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... The respiratory system distributes air to the alveoli, where gas exchange — the addition of oxygen (O2) and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from pulmonary capillary blood — takes place. Certain specialized structures within... External respiration
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... Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory infection that can progress to pneumonia and, eventually, death. The disease was first recognized in 2003 with outbreaks in China, Canada, Singapore, Taiwan, and Vietnam, with other countries —... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup syndrome is most common in boys and most prevalent in the fall; it may recur in... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Special considerations
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air (from the lungs) that contains... Emergency interventions ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Differential Overview
❑ Rhinovirus
❑ Group A streptococci
❑ Ebstein-Barr virus
❑ Adenovirus
❑ ... Diagnostic Approach ... Clinical Findings ... Pictures
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... In patients with essentially normal lung tissue, acute respiratory failure (ARF) usually means a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) greater than 50 mm Hg and a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pao2) less than 50 mm... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... An acid-base disturbance characterized by reduced alveolar ventilation and manifested by hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide [Paco2] greater than 45 mm Hg), respiratory acidosis can be acute (from a sudden failure in ventilation) or chronic ... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Caused by alveolar hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis is a condition marked by a decrease in partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Paco2) to below 35 mm Hg. Uncomplicated respiratory alkalosis leads to a decrease in hydrogen ion concentration,... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Also called hyaline membrane disease and infant respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome is the most common cause of neonatal mortality.
Respiratory distress syndrome affects 10% of premature infants while rarely... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... A subgroup of the myxoviruses resembling paramyxovirus causes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. RSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children; it’s the major cause of pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, and bronchiolitis in this age... Causes ... Signs and symptoms ... Diagnosis ... Treatment ... Special considerations
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup syndrome is most common in boys. It’s most... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air (from the lungs) that contains sputum, blood, or both. The sputum... Assessment ... History ... Physical examination ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. Croup syndrome is most common in boys and most... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Special considerations ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body’s mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn’t remove. It’s a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air (from the lungs) that contains sputum or blood (or both). The... Emergency Actions ... History ... Physical assessment ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Special considerations ... Pediatric pointers ... Geriatric pointers ... Patient counseling ... Pictures
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...Sore throat refers to any painful sensationof the pharynx or surrounding tissues and is a common complaintin childhood and adolescence. Principal Causes of Sore Throat Infection Pharyngitis/tonsillitis Viral Bacterial Group A ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis ... Diagnostic Approach ... References
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...Signs of respiratory distress include tachypnea,dyspnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, and cyanosis. Apneais an extreme form of respiratory distress. Respiratory distress(neonatal and postneonatal) is discussed in the first part of thechapter and apnea in the second part. ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Respiratory Distress (Neonatal) ... Principal Causes of Respiratory Distress (Postneonatal) ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Respiratory Distress (Postneonatal) ... Diagnostic Approach: Respiratory Distress ... Principal Causes of Apnea ... Clinical Features and Diagnosis: Apnea ... Diagnostic Approach: Apnea ... References
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... Resonant, brassy, and harsh, a barking cough is part of a complex of signs and symptoms that characterize croup syndrome, a group of pediatric disorders marked by varying degrees of respiratory distress. It's most prevalent in the fall and may recur in the same child. ... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching ... Pictures
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... Productive coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing airway passages of accumulated secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't remove. It's a sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that contains sputum, blood, or both. The sputum's color, consistency, and... History and physical examination ... Medical causes ... Other causes ... Nursing considerations ... Patient teaching
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Breaking down the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx into anatomic
components is not very valuable in developing a differential diagnosis of
sore throat. What is useful is to use the mnemonic VINDICATE to
establish the etiologies. Further analyzing the... Pictures
... READ EXCERPTS »
Allergies can leave children feeling sniffly, teary and itchy and take their toll at play and at school. Previously, allergy remedies left children...
When you have watery eyes, a runny nose, congestion and sneezing, how can you tell if it's a cold or an allergy? Find out the difference and the...
Germs are a fact of life and catching an infectious disease like a cold may seem inevitable. But there are simple ways to protect yourself against...
Stress takes its toll by making us anxious, depressed and not able to function as fully as we'd like. What many don't know is that stress can...