Treatments for Respiratory conditions
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Hospital statistics for Respiratory conditions:
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- 11% of male hospitalizations were for respiratory diseases in Canada 1996/97 (Hospital Morbidity Database, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Health Canada)
- 9% of female hospitalizations were for respiratory diseases in Canada 1996/97 (Hospital Morbidity Database, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Health Canada)
- 1,095,092 patient days spent in public hospitals for respiratory diseases in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 15.3% of hospitalisations for respiratory diseases in public hospitals are single day in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
- 248,364 admissions to public hospitals because of respiratory diseases in Australia 2001-02 (AIHW National Hospital Morbidity Database, Australia’s Health 2004, AIHW)
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Book Excerpts: Treatment of Respiratory conditions
- Treatment - Sore Throat
- Treatment - Cough - Productive
- Treatment - Sore Throat
- Emergency interventions - Cough, barking
- Emergency interventions - Cough, productive
- Treatment - Acute respiratory failure in COPD
- Treatment - Infant respiratory distress syndrome
- Treatment (Tx) - Acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Treatment (Tx) - Acute respiratory failure
- Treatment (Tx) - Respiratory acidosis
- Treatment (Tx) - Respiratory alkalosis
- Treatment - Respiratory syncytial virus infection
- Treatment - Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- Emergency interventions - Cough, barking
- Emergency interventions - Cough, productive
- Treatment - Acute respiratory failure in COPD
- Treatment - Respiratory acidosis
- Treatment - Respiratory alkalosis
- Treatment - Respiratory distress syndrome
- Treatment - Respiratory syncytial virus infection
- Nursing considerations - Cough, barking
- Nursing considerations - Cough, productive
- Patient counseling - Cough, barking
- Emergency Actions - Cough, productive
- Nursing considerations - Cough, barking
- Nursing considerations - Cough, productive
Treatments of Respiratory conditions: Online Medical Books
16 MEDICAL BOOKS ONLINE!
Review excerpts from medical books online, free, without registration,
for more information about the treatments of Respiratory conditions.
Sore Throat:
Treatment
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
-
Viral pharyngitis: Treat symptomatically with hydration, decongestants, saline nasal spray, analgesics, and rest
-
Strep pharyngitis: Appropriate antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, erythromycin) and symptomatic treatment with analgesics
-
Mononucleosis: Symptomatic treatment with analgesics; limit contact sports if splenomegaly is present
–Hospitalization in patients with encephalitis, airway compromise, or dehydration due to nausea/vomiting secondary to hepatitis
-
Allergic pharyngitis: Antihistamines, nasal steroids
-
Foreign body: Protect airway; removal by ENT doctor
-
GERD: H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine) or proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole), elevate head of bed, weight loss, small meals
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Cough - Productive:
Treatment
(In a Page: Signs and Symptoms)
-
Cessation of cigarette smoking
-
Administer supplemental O2 if necessary
-
Postnasal drip: Treat underlying etiology (e.g., antibiotics for sinusitis, antihistamines and/or inhaled steroids for allergies)
-
- Acute bronchitis: Inhaled β2 agonists (e.g., albuterol); since most cases are of viral origin, antibiotics are usually not indicated; increased fluid intake; antitussive
-
Pneumonia: Oral (e.g., macrolide, doxycycline, quinolone) or IV antibiotics (third-generation cephalosporin and a macrolide; or a second-generation quinolone)
COPD: Inhaled bronchodilator therapy with β2 agonists (e.g., albuterol) and anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium); systemic corticosteroids; antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin, doxycycline) should be administered in severe exacerbations or secondary infections; noninvasive mechanical ventilation by CPAP or BiPAP may be necessary
>
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In a Page: Signs and Symptoms, 2004
Sore Throat:
Treatment
(In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms)
-
Viral causes
–Supportive care including hydration, acetaminophen or ibuprofen, bedrest, salt water rinses
–Steroids may be considered to minimize upper airway obstruction
-
Antibiotics for bacterial etiologies
–For group A β-hemolytic strep: Shortens duration of symptoms and prevents rheumatic fever
-
Consider inpatient admission when there is concern about adequate airway or oral intake
-
Airway management: Intubation or tracheotomy
-
When gastroesophageal reflux is suspected, treatment may include dietary changes, antireflux therapy
-
Adenotonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis is considered depending on frequency of recurrence, i.e., 6–7 infections/year, or 4–5 infections/year for 2 years, or 3 infections/year for 3 years
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: In A Page: Pediatric Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Cough, barking:
Emergency interventions
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
Quickly evaluate the child's respiratory status, and then take his vital signs. Be particularly alert for tachycardia and signs of hypoxemia. Also, check for a decreased level of consciousness. Try to determine if the child has been playing with any small object that he may have aspirated.
Check for cyanosis in the lips and nail beds. Observe the patient for sternal or intercostal retractions or nasal flaring. Next, note the depth and rate of his respirations; they may become increasingly shallow as respiratory distress increases. Observe the child's body position. Is he sitting up, leaning forward, and struggling to breathe? Observe his activity level and facial expression. As respiratory distress increases from airway edema, the child will become restless and have a frightened, wide-eyed expression. As air hunger continues, the child will become lethargic and difficult to arouse.
If the child shows signs of severe respiratory distress, try to calm him, maintain airway patency, and provide oxygen. Endotracheal intubation or a tracheotomy may be necessary.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Cough, productive:
Emergency interventions
(Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition))
A patient with a productive cough can develop acute respiratory distress from thick or excessive secretions, bronchospasm, or fatigue, so examine him before you take his history. Take his vital signs and check the rate, depth, and rhythm of respirations. Keep his airway patent, and be prepared to provide supplemental oxygen if he becomes restless or confused or if his respirations become shallow, irregular, rapid, or slow. Look for stridor, wheezing, choking, or gurgling. Be alert for nasal flaring and cyanosis.
A productive cough may signal a severe life-threatening disorder. For example, coughing due to pulmonary edema produces thin, frothy, pink sputum, and coughing due to an asthma attack produces thick, mucoid sputum. Assist the patient to clear excess mucous with tracheal suctioning if necessary.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Signs & Symptoms (Third Edition), 2006
Acute respiratory failure in COPD:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
ARF in patients with COPD is an emergency that requires cautious O2 therapy (using nasal prongs or Venturi mask) to raise the PaO2. In patients with chronic hypercapnia, O2 therapy can cause hypoventilation by increasing Paco2 and decreasing the respiratory drive, necessitating mechanical ventilation. The minimum fraction of inspired air (FIO2) required to maintain ventilation or O2 saturation greater than 85% to 90% should be used. If significant uncompensated respiratory acidosis or unrefractory hypoxemia exists, mechanical ventilation (through an endotracheal [ET] or a tracheostomy tube) or noninvasive ventilation (with a face or nose mask) may be necessary. Treatment routinely includes antibiotics for infection, bronchodilators, and possibly steroids.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Infant respiratory distress syndrome:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment of an infant with IRDS requires vigorous respiratory support. Warm, humidified, oxygen-enriched gases are administered by oxygen hood or, if such treatment fails, by mechanical ventilation. Severe cases may require mechanical ventilation with PEEPor continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), administered by nasal prongs or, when necessary, endotracheal (ET) intubation. Special ventilation techniques are now used on the patients refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation. These include high-frequency jet ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is the last choice for ventilation and is only available in certain specialized facilities. Treatment of IRDS also includes:
❑ a radiant warmer or isolette for thermoregulation
❑ I.V. fluids and sodium bicarbonate to control acidosis and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
❑ tube feedings or total parenteral nutrition if the neonate is too weak to eat
❑ administration of surfactant by an ET tube (Studies show that this treatment can prevent or improve the course of IRDS as well as reduce mortality.)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Acute respiratory distress syndrome:
Treatment (Tx)
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment of underlying disorder, supportive care (oxygen, mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, diuretics), correction of acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities, chemical paralysis if necessary
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Acute respiratory failure:
Treatment (Tx)
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Oxygen therapy, antibiotics, supportive care (bed rest, nutritional therapy, fluid replacement)
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Respiratory acidosis:
Treatment (Tx)
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Mechanical ventilation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or antibiotics to treat underlying source of hypoventilation
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Respiratory alkalosis:
Treatment (Tx)
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment of underlying cause, mechanical ventilation to produce hyperventilation
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Respiratory syncytial virus infection:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment aims to support respiratory function, maintain fluid balance, and relieve symptoms. Ribavirin in aerosol form may be administered to severely ill patients or those at high risk for complications.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Severe acute respiratory syndrome:
Treatment
(Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition))
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and includes maintenance of a patent airway and adequate nutrition. Other treatment measures include supplemental oxygen, chest physiotherapy, or mechanical ventilation. In addition to standard precautions, contact precautions requiring gowns and gloves for all patient contacts and airborne precautions utilizing a negative-pressure isolation room and properly fitted N-95 respirators are recommended for patients who are hospitalized. Quarantine may be used to prevent the spread of infection.
Antibiotics may be given to treat bacterial causes of atypical pneumonia. Antiviral medications have also been used. High doses of corticosteroids have been used to reduce lung inflammation. In some serious cases, serum from individuals who have already recovered from SARS (convalescent serum) has been given. The general benefit of these treatments hasn’t been determined conclusively.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2005
Cough, barking:
Emergency interventions
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
Quickly evaluate the child’s respiratory status. Then take his vital signs. Be particularly alert for tachycardia and signs of hypoxemia. Also, check for a decreased level of consciousness. Try to determine if the child was playing with a small object that he may have aspirated.
Check for cyanosis in the lips and nail beds. Observe the patient for sternal or intercostal retractions or nasal flaring. Next, note the depth and rate of his respirations; they may become increasingly shallow as respiratory distress increases. Observe the child’s body position. Is he sitting up, leaning forward, and struggling to breathe? Observe his activity level and facial expression. As respiratory distress increases from airway edema, the child will become restless and have a frightened, wide-eyed expression. As air hunger continues, the child will become lethargic and difficult to arouse.
If the child shows signs of severe respiratory distress, try to calm him, maintain airway patency, and provide oxygen. Endotracheal intubation or a tracheotomy may be necessary.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Cough, productive:
Emergency interventions
(Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition))
A patient with a productive cough can develop acute respiratory distress from thick or excessive secretions, bronchospasm, or fatigue, so examine him before you take his history. Take vital signs and check the rate, depth, and rhythm of respirations. Keep his airway patent, and be prepared to provide supplemental oxygen if he becomes restless or confused, or if his respirations become shallow, irregular, rapid, or slow. Look for stridor, wheezing, choking, or gurgling. Be alert for nasal flaring and cyanosis.
A productive cough may signal a life-threatening disorder. For example, coughing due to pulmonary edema produces thin, frothy, pink sputum, and coughing due to an asthma attack produces thick, mucoid sputum.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition), 2006
Acute respiratory failure in COPD:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
In a COPD patient, ARF is an emergency that requires cautious oxygen therapy (using nasal prongs or a Venturi mask) to raise the patient’s Pao2. If significant respiratory acidosis persists, a bidirectional positive-pressure airway mask over the oronasal region or mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal or a tracheostomy tube may be necessary. High-frequency ventilation may be used if the patient doesn’t respond to conventional mechanical ventilation. Treatment routinely includes an antibiotic for infection, a bronchodilator, an anxiolytic and, possibly, a steroid.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Respiratory acidosis:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
Effective treatment of respiratory acidosis is designed to correct the underlying source of alveolar hypoventilation. Significantly reduced alveolar ventilation may require mechanical ventilation until the underlying condition can be treated.
In patients with COPD, treatment includes a bronchodilator, oxygen, a corticosteroid and, commonly, an antibiotic; drug therapy for conditions such as myasthenia gravis; removal of foreign bodies from the airway; an antibiotic for pneumonia; dialysis or charcoal to remove toxic drugs; and correction of metabolic alkalosis. An elevated Paco2 may persist in a patient with COPD despite optimal treatment.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Respiratory alkalosis:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
The goal of treatment is to eradicate the underlying condition — for example, to remove ingested toxins or to treat fever, sepsis, or CNS disease.
CLINICAL TIP: With severe respiratory alkalosis, the patient may be instructed to breathe into a paper bag, which helps relieve acute anxiety and increases carbon dioxide levels.
Prevention of hyperventilation in patients receiving mechanical ventilation requires that ABG values be monitored and dead space or minute ventilation volume be adjusted.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Respiratory distress syndrome:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
An infant with respiratory distress syndrome requires vigorous respiratory support. Warm, humidified, oxygen-enriched gases are administered by oxygen hood or, if such treatment fails, by mechanical ventilation. Severe cases may require mechanical ventilation with PEEP or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), administered by a tightly fitting face mask or, when necessary, endotracheal (ET) intubation.
Treatment also includes:
❑ a radiant infant warmer or Isolette for thermoregulation
❑ I.V. fluids and sodium bicarbonate to control acidosis and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
❑ tube feedings or total parenteral nutrition if the neonate is too weak to eat
❑ administration of surfactant by an ET tube.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Respiratory syncytial virus infection:
Treatment
(Handbook of Diseases)
Among the goals of treatment are support of respiratory function, maintenance of fluid balance, and relief of symptoms. Mild cases resolve without treatment. Severe infections require hospitalization to provide supplemental oxygen, humidified air, and hydration by I.V. fluids. Respiratory support using mechanical ventilation may be needed. Ribavirin aerosol may be used in those who have severe RSV or are immunocompromised.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Handbook of Diseases, 2003
Cough, barking:
Nursing considerations
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
Don’t attempt to inspect the throat of a child with a barking cough unless intubation equipment is available. If the child isn’t in severe respiratory distress, a lateral neck X-ray may be done to visualize epiglottal edema; a negative X-ray doesn’t completely rule out epiglottal edema. A chest X-ray may also be done to rule out lower respiratory tract infection. Depending on the child’s age and degree of respiratory distress, oxygen may be administered. Rapid-acting epinephrine (racemic epinephrine) and a steroid should be considered.
Be sure to observe the child frequently, and monitor the oxygen level if used. Provide the child with periods of rest with minimal interruptions. Maintain a calm, quiet environment and offer reassurance. Encourage the parents to stay with the child to help alleviate stress.
Patient teaching
Teach the parents how to evaluate and treat recurrent episodes of croup syndrome. For example, creating steam by running hot water in a sink or shower and sitting with the child in the closed bathroom may help relieve subsequent attacks. The child may also benefit from being brought outdoors (properly dressed) to breathe cold night air.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Cough, productive:
Nursing considerations
(Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series)
Obtain the patient’s vital signs and note signs of infection. Assess the respiratory system frequently, noting signs of respiratory distress. Avoid taking measures to suppress a productive cough because retention of sputum may interfere with alveolar aeration or impair pulmonary resistance to infection. Expect to give a mucolytic and an expectorant, and increase the patient’s intake of oral fluids to thin his secretions and increase their flow. In addition, you may give a bronchodilator to relieve bronchospasms and open airways. An antibiotic may be ordered to treat underlying infection.
Humidify the air around the patient; this will relieve mucous membrane inflammation and also help loosen dried secretions. Provide pulmonary physiotherapy, such as postural drainage with vibration and percussion, to loosen secretions. Aerosol therapy may be necessary.
Provide the patient with uninterrupted rest periods. If bed rest is ordered, change the position often to promote the drainage of secretions.
Prepare the patient for diagnostic tests, such as chest X-ray, bronchoscopy, lung scan, and pulmonary function tests. Collect sputum samples for culture and sensitivity testing.
Patient teaching
Encourage the patient not to smoke because doing so can aggravate his condition. Explain that quitting even after decades of use is helpful. Teach the patient how to breathe deeply, to cough effectively and, if appropriate, to splint his incision when he coughs. Teach the patient and his family how to use chest percussion to loosen secretions.
Tell the patient to cover his mouth and nose with a tissue when he coughs and to dispose of contaminated tissues properly, to protect himself and others from the cough and secretions. Be sure to provide a container for tissues and sputum.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Alarming Signs and Symptoms: Lippincott Manual of Nursing Practice Series, 2007
Cough, barking:
Patient counseling
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
Teach the parents how to evaluate and treat recurrent episodes of croup syndrome. For example, creating steam by running hot water in a sink or shower and sitting with the child in the closed bathroom may help relieve subsequent attacks. The child may also benefit from being brought outside (properly dressed) to breathe cold night air.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Cough, productive:
Emergency Actions
(Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses)
A patient with a productive cough can develop acute respiratory distress from thick or excessive secretions, bronchospasm, or fatigue, so examine him before you take his history. Take vital signs and check the rate, depth, and rhythm of respirations. Keep his airway patent, and be prepared to provide supplemental oxygen if he becomes restless or confused, or if his respirations become shallow, irregular, rapid, or slow. Look for stridor, wheezing, choking, or gurgling. Be alert for nasal flaring and cyanosis.
A productive cough may signal a severe life-threatening disorder. For example, coughing due to pulmonary edema produces thin, frothy, pink sputum, and coughing due to an asthma attack produces thick, mucoid sputum.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Signs & Symptoms: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses, 2007
Cough, barking:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Don't attempt to inspect the throat of a child with a barking cough unless intubation equipment is available. (See Managing the patient with epiglottiditis.)
▪ If the child isn't in severe respiratory distress, a lateral neck X-ray may be done to visualize epiglottal edema.
▪ A chest X-ray may be done to rule out lower respiratory tract infection.
▪ Depending on the child's age and degree of respiratory distress, oxygen may be administered.
▪ Rapid-acting epinephrine and a steroid may be administered.
▪ Observe the child frequently, and monitor pulse oximetry.
▪ Provide the child with periods of rest with minimal interruptions.
▪ Maintain a calm, quiet environment and offer reassurance.
▪ Encourage the parents to stay with the child to help alleviate stress.
Patient teaching
▪ Teach the parents how to evaluate and treat recurrent episodes of croup syndrome.
▪ Teach parents how to administer prescribed medications.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
Cough, productive:
Nursing considerations
(Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms)
▪ Avoid taking measures to suppress a productive cough because retention of sputum may interfere with alveolar aeration or impair pulmonary resistance to infection.
▪ Expect to give a mucolytic and an expectorant.
▪ Increase the patient's intake of oral fluids to thin his secretions and increase their flow.
▪ Give a bronchodilator to relieve bronchospasms and open airways.
▪ Administer an antibiotic to treat any underlying infection.
▪ Humidify the air around the patient to relieve mucous membrane inflammation and help loosen dried secretions.
▪ Provide pulmonary physiotherapy, such as postural drainage with vibration and percussion, to loosen secretions.
▪ Administer aerosol therapy if necessary.
▪ Provide the patient with uninterrupted rest periods.
▪ If the patient is on bed rest, change his position often to promote the drainage of secretions.
▪ Prepare the patient for diagnostic tests, such as chest X-ray, imaging studies, bronchoscopy, a lung scan, and PFTs.
▪ Collect sputum samples for culture and sensitivity testing.
Patient teaching
▪ Encourage the patient to stop smoking and provide him with written resources and contact information for support groups.
▪ Teach him how to perform cough and deep-breathing exercises.
▪ Discuss ways to avoid respiratory irritants.
▪ Explain infection control techniques.
▪ Teach the patient and family how to use chest percussion to loosen secretions.
▪ Explain to the patient his diagnosis and the treatment plan.
» READ BOOK EXCERPT ONLINE »
Source: Nursing: Interpreting Signs and Symptoms, 2007
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